Table 1.
Recent reported antiviral bioactive peptides derived from marine organisms during 2011–2021.
| Targeted Virus | Peptide | Biosynthetic Class | Origin | IC50/EC50/SI/Infectivity | Mechanism of Antiviral Action (Target of Inhibition) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV-1 | Mirabamides E–H | Cyclodepsipeptides/NRPs | Sponge Stelletta clavosa |
121, 62, 68, 41 nM | Viral fusion | [68] |
| HIV-1 | Stellettapeptines A and B | Cyclodepsipeptides/NRPs | Sponge Stelletta sp. |
23 and 27 nM | Viral entry (Viral membrane) |
[69] |
| HIV-1 | Mollamide F | Cyclodepsipeptide/NRP | Tunicate Didemnum molle PNG07-2-050 |
78 μM (cytoprotective) 39 μM (HIV-integrase) | Viral integrase | [70] |
| HIV-1 | Malformin C | Cyclopeptide/NRP | Endophytic fungus Aspergillus niger SCSIO Jscw6F30 |
1.4 μM | ND * | [71] |
| HIV-1 | Divamide A | Lanthipeptide/ribosomal peptide | Tunicate Didemnum molle E11-036 |
0.225 μM | PE binding | [72] |
| H1N1/H3N2 | Asperterrestide A | Cyclopeptide/NRP | Endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus |
20.2 and 0.41 μM | ND * | [73] |
| HSV-1 | Aspergillipeptide D | Cyclopeptide/NRP | Endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSIO 41501 |
9.5 μM (HSV-1) 12.5 M (ACV-HSV-1) |
Viral intercellular spread (Viral glycoprotein gB) |
[74] |
| HSV-1 | Aspergillipeptide E | Linear peptide/NRP | Endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSIO 41501 |
19.8 μM | ND * | [74] |
| HSV-1 | Simplicilliumtide J | Cyclodepsipeptide/NRP | Fungus Simplicillium obclavatum EIODSF 0210 |
14.1 μM | ND * | [75] |
| HSV-1 | Verlamelines A and B | Cyclodepsipeptide/NRPs | Fungus Simplicillium obclavatum EIODSF 0210 |
16.7 and 15.6 μM | ND * | [75] |
| HSV-1 | Acremonpeptides A and B | Cyclopeptide/NRPs | Fungus Acremonium persicinum SCSIO 115 |
16 and 8.7 μM | Viral replication | [76] |
| Al(III)-acremonpeptide D | Cyclopeptide/NRPs | Fungus Acremonium persicinum SCSIO 115 |
14 μM | Viral replication | [76] | |
| HSV-1/HSV-2 | Myticin C | Ribosomal peptide | Mollusk Mytilus galloprovincialis |
7.69–8.21/8.32–10.5 | The intracellular phase of viral replication | [77] |
| HSV-1/HSV-2 | Pa-MAP | Ribosomal peptide | polar fish Pleuronectes americanus |
82% (45 μM)/90% (23 μM) | Virucidal effect | [78] |
| HCV | Cyclo(l-Tyr-l-Pro) diketopiperazine |
Cyclopeptide diketopiperazine/NRP | Endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor |
8.2 μg mL−1 | NS3-4A protease | [79] |
| HCV | Valinomycin; streptodepsipeptides P11A and SV21 |
Cyclodepsipeptides/NRPs | Bacterial symbiont Streptomyces sp. SV21 |
0–5% | ND * | [80] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Plitidepsin | Cyclodepsipeptide/NRP | Tunicate Aplidium albicans |
0.88 nM | Viral replication (eEF1A) |
[80] |
* ND = not yet described.