Table 3.

Antibacterial activity methods of red betel extract (P. crocatum Ruiz and Pav).

No.	Compounds	Types of Bacteria	Methods	References
1	Flavonol Chalcone Anthocyanins	S. mutans	The Kirby–Bauer method of the disc diffusion test combined with UV irradiating treatment was used. The results showed the diameter of the inhibition zone (15.00 ± 0.05) mm for 10 watt and (15.96 ± 0.05) mm for 15 watt.	Dyah Astuti et al., 2020 [135]
2	Alkaloids Steroids Tannins	B. subtilis P. aeuruginosa	Antibacterial activity was tested using the well method. Inhibited the growth of B. substilis and P. aeruginosa bacteria but the activity was weak, the inhibition zone was < 5 mm.	Puspita et al., 2019 [136]
3	Flavonoid Saponin Tannins Phenolic	Staphylococcus epidermidis	Bacterial test was carried out using the well method, extract concentrations of 50 and 100% could inhibit the growth of S. epidermidis.	Januarti et al., 2019 [137]
4	Tannins	Staphylococcus aureus	Tests using the well method can inhibit S. aureus bacteria. Maceration extraction technique to get the average inhibition zone of 12.30 mm.	Soleha, 2018 [138]
5	Flavonoids Alkaloids Tannins Essential oil	Porphyromonas gingivalis S. viridians	The antibacterial test was carried out using the well method, the inhibition zone on P. gingivalis was 10.34 mm while S. viridians was 8.42 mm.	Pujiastuti et al., 2015 [139]