Table 1.
Advantages and disadvantages of some GreETs commonly used in the analysis of biological, food, and environmental matrices.
| Extraction Procedure | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| SPME | Alternative to SPE A limited number of steps Reduced sample amount Reuse of the polymeric phase Environmentally friendly Short extraction time |
Potential contamination of the SPME needle |
| µSPE | Alternative of LLE Simplicity of automation Suitable for large scale Low sorbent Low solvent volume |
Requires stirring Possibility of low recoveries |
| MEPS | Low solvent volume Low sample amount Fast and easy to use Economical Fully automated for online procedure |
Requires a wide range of optimization steps |
| MSPE | Environmentally friendly A limited number of steps Low amount of sorbent material Reuse of sorbent material Short extraction time |
Requires vortex/shaker/magnetic stirrerSelection of suitable sorbent |
| MSDP | Environmentally friendly A limited number of steps Quick Simple |
Requires anhydrous sorbents activated at high temperatures |
| FPSE | Efficient Fast extraction Low volume of solvents High preconcentration factor |
Low sorbent capacity Long sample preparation time |
| DLLME | Economical High recovery Low sample amount Low extraction time Low solvent volume |
Low selectivity Requires centrifugation |
| SFOME | Environmentally friendly High enrichment factor economical Low volume of solvents Simplicity of automation |
Requires a wide range of optimization steps |
| μQuEChERS | Economical Efficient clean-up by dSPE Low solvent consumption |
Labor intensive Difficult to automate Emulsion formation |
| SFE | Environmentally friendly No required solvents Low operating temperatures (40–80 °C) Fast and high yield |
Very expensive Complex equipment operating at high pressures High power consumption |
Legend: DLLME: dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; FPSE: fabric-phase sorptive extraction; MEPS: microextraction in packed sorbent; MSPD: matrix solid-phase dispersion; MSPE: magnetic solid-phase extraction; SFE: supercritical fluid extraction; SFOME: solidification of floating organic drop microextraction; SPME: solid-phase microextraction; µQuEChERS: micro-QuEChERS; µSPE: micro-solid-phase extraction.