Table 3.
Cox proportional hazards regression on having higher COVID-19 mortality rates among 74 countries in the sample by the end of 2020 (hazard ratios and 95% CIs).
| Covariates | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gini Index | 1.12** (1.04, 1.21) | 1.14** (1.06, 1.23) | |
| Population size (in million) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | |
| Median age of country population | 1.07+ (1.00, 1.16) | 1.14** (1.05, 1.25) | |
| Population density (population per square kilometers of land area in 2017) | |||
| Low (lower half of the sample) | Reference | Reference | |
| High (higher half of the sample) | 0.72 (0.31, 1.68) | 0.57 (0.24, 1.38) | |
| GDP per capita (in thousands of US$) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | |
| Life expectancy (at birth) | 1.19* (1.04, 1.37) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | |
| Health care expenditures per capita (in hundreds of US$) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) |
1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | |
| Percentage of the population with tertiary education | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.98* (0.96, 1.00) | |
| Direct democracy index | 3.05 (0.55, 16.84) | 2.50 (0.37, 16.72) | |
| Average stringency index in 2020 | |||
| Low (lower half of the sample) | Reference | ||
| High (higher half of the sample) | 4.54** (1.54, 13.37) | ||
| Intensity of COVID-19 Testing (# of COVID-19 tests per 1,000 residents) | |||
| Low (lower half of the sample) | Reference | ||
| High (higher half of the sample) | 2.46 (0.74, 8.19) | ||
| Model Fit Statistics | |||
| Criterion | Without Covariates | With Covariates (Model 1) | With Covariates (Model 2) |
| −2 LOG L | 295.44 | 256.31 | 243.81 |
| Testing Global Null Hypothesis: BETA = 0 | |||
| Test | Chi-Square | DF | P Value |
| Likelihood Ratio (Model 1) | 39.13 | 9 | <0.001 |
| Likelihood Ratio (Model 2) | 51.63 | 11 | <0.001 |
Notes: +p < 0.1; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.