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. 2022 May 13;27:101828. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101828
Covariates Model 1 Model 2
Gini Index 1.06
(0.98,1.14)
1.10*
(1.02,1.19)

Population size (in million) 0.99
(0.98,1.00)
1.00
(0.99,1.01)

Median age of country population 1.12*
(1.03,1.22)
1.09+
(0.99,1.20)

Population density (population per square kilometers of land area in 2017)

Low (lower half of the sample) Reference Reference

High (higher half of the sample) 1.99
(0.85,4.68)
2.39+
(0.91,6.28)

GDP per capita (in thousands of US$) 1.00
(0.96,1.04)
0.97
(0.93,1.02)

Life expectancy (at birth) 1.01
(0.88,1.15)
1.02
(0.86,1.19)

Health care expenditures per capita (in hundreds of US$) 1.00
(0.97,1.03)
1.01
(0.98,1.04)

Tertiary Education (in percentage of population) 1.00
(0.99,1.02)
1.00
(0.98,1.01)

Direct democracy index 1.08
(0.16,7.16)
0.35
(0.05,2.71)

Average of stringency index for the year 2020

Low (lower half of the sample) Reference

High (higher half of the sample) 1.20
(0.46,3.15)

Intensity of COVID-19 Testing (# of COVID-19 tests per 1,000 residents)

Low (lower half of the sample) Reference

High (higher half of the sample) 12.00**
(2.19,65.84)
Model Fit Statistics
Criterion WithoutCovariates WithCovariates (Model 1) WithCovariates (Model 2)
-2 LOG L 271.60 242.25 232.26
Testing Global Null Hypothesis: BETA=0
Test Chi-Square DF P Value
Likelihood Ratio (Model 1) 29.35 9 <.001
Likelihood Ratio (Model 2) 39.34 11 <.001