Table 3.
Energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes comparison between NW and. OW (values expressed as mean ± standard deviation).
| Energy, Macro- and Micronutrients |
I Trimester | II Trimester | III Trimester | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NW (Mean ± st.dev) |
OW (Mean ± st.dev) |
NW (Mean ± st.dev) |
OW (Mean ± st.dev) |
NW (Mean ± st.dev) |
OW (Mean ± st.dev) |
|
| Calories, kcal | 2068.7 ± 759 | 1927.7 ± 733 | 1993.3 ± 761 | 1732.4 ± 614 | 2019 ± 783 | 1622.1 ± 623 * |
| Alcohol, g | 0.7 ± 2 | 0.3 ± 1 | 0.9 ± 2 | 0.6 ± 1 | 1 ± 3 | 0.8 ± 2 |
| Proteins, g | 81.3 ± 33 | 73.6 ± 24 | 78 ± 29 | 69.1 ± 21 | 81.2 ± 35 | 66.8 ± 29 * |
| Animal proteins, g | 49.8 ± 25 | 45.7 ± 18 | 48.7 ± 22 | 44.8 ± 16 | 50.6 ± 24 | 44.8 ± 20 |
| Vegetable proteins, g | 29.9 ± 15 | 26.4 ± 10 | 27.8 ± 11 | 23.1 ± 9 * | 28.9 ± 13 | 20.9 ± 10 * |
| Lipids, g | 68.9 ± 29 | 61.3 ± 22 | 66.2 ± 27 | 59 ± 21 | 63.5 ± 29 | 51.2 ± 20 * |
| Carbohydrates, g | 284.7 ± 115 | 275.5 ± 132 | 274.8 ± 121 | 235 ± 102 * | 283.4 ± 118 | 227.2 ± 104 * |
| Sugars, g | 112.6 ± 54 | 112.8 ± 65 | 114.7 ± 62 | 100.2 ± 55 | 115.8 ± 57 | 103 ± 64 |
| Dietary Fiber, g | 24.6 ± 12 | 22.6 ± 10 | 23.1 ± 10 | 19.3 ± 8 * | 24.2 ± 12 | 17.7 ± 10 * |
| Drinking water, mL | 1840.2 ± 737 | 1747.3 ± 595 | 1821.1 ± 695 | 1916.7 ± 543 | 1822 ± 700 | 1836.1 ± 702 |
| Cholesterol, mg | 260.6 ± 124 | 233.3 ± 96 | 251.1 ± 106 | 225.1 ± 79 | 261.6 ± 125 | 219.1 ± 104 * |
| Saturated fatty acids, g | 21.8 ± 9 | 19.5 ± 7 | 21 ± 9 | 18.9 ± 7 | 20.5 ± 10 | 16.4 ± 7 * |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids, g | 10 ± 5 | 8.6 ± 3 | 9.7 ± 5 | 8.2 ± 3 | 9.3 ± 5 | 7.8 ± 4 * |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids, g | 29.3 ± 14 | 26.2 ± 11 | 27.6 ± 13 | 24.8 ± 10 | 26 ± 14 | 20.5 ± 9 * |
| C20_5 EPA, g | 0.287 ± 0 | 0.205 ± 0 | 0.275 ± 0 | 0.216 ± 0 | 0.296 ± 0 | 0.253 ± 0 |
| C22_6 DHA, g | 0.44 ± 0 | 0.318 ± 0 | 0.428 ± 0 | 0.343 ± 0 | 0.447 ± 0 | 0.402 ± 0 |
| Calcium, mg | 798 ± 413 | 685.5 ± 278 | 769.5 ± 332 | 674.4 ± 292 | 787.8 ± 390 | 688.5 ± 352 |
| Sodium, mg | 2892.8 ± 1871 | 2677.3 ± 2015 | 2662.8 ± 1716 | 2259.8 ± 1516 | 2535.7 ± 1681 | 2029.5 ± 1174 |
| Potassium, mg | 3705.4 ± 1614 | 3318.9 ± 1173 | 3680.9 ± 1395 | 3153.9 ± 1092 * | 3827.6 ± 1676 | 3125.6 ± 1712 * |
| Phosphorus, mg | 1292.6 ± 553 | 1140.9 ± 352 | 1248.6 ± 455 | 1086.3 ± 360 * | 1297.4 ± 548 | 1089.5 ± 493 * |
| Iron, mg | 12.5 ± 8 | 10.7 ± 4 | 11.8 ± 5 | 10.1 ± 4 * | 12.5 ± 6 | 10.2 ± 6 * |
| Zinc, mg | 13.2 ± 11 | 11.2 ± 5 | 12.2 ± 6 | 10.3 ± 5 | 13.3 ± 9 | 10.7 ± 6 |
| Folic acid, µg | 440.8 ± 223 | 400.1 ± 187 | 427.4 ± 234 | 345.3 ± 180 * | 455.5 ± 289 | 327.4 ± 217 * |
st.dev: standard deviation; C20_5 EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; C22_6 DHA: docosahexaenoic acid. U-Mann–Whitney test, * p < 0.05. NW vs. OW.