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. 2022 Apr 21;23(9):4605. doi: 10.3390/ijms23094605

Table 3.

In vitro effects of glyphosate and/or its commercial formulations in rodents.

Cellular Line Dose and Time of Exposure Objectives Results Reference
PC12 cells GLY: 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mM for 12, 24, 48, or 72 h Investigate the neurotoxicity of GLY in differentiated rat PC12 cells and explore the role of apoptosis and autophagy pathways in toxicity
  • -

    ↓ cell viability

  • -

    Activation of autophagic and apoptotic cell death pathways

 [75]
Hippocampal pyramidal cells GLY: 0.5 or 1 mg/mL for five or ten days Examine the effects of glyphosate on synapse formation and maturation in the hippocampus
  • -

    ↓ dendritic complexity and synaptic column formation and maturation

  • -

    ↓ synapse formation in hippocampal neurons

 [74]
NSC GLY: 0.1, 700, 7000, or 36,000 μg/L for 24 h Understand the effects of two maximum permissible concentrations of GLY on the basic processes of neurogenesis in NSCs of the postnatal mouse subventricular zone.
  • -

    ↓ cell viability and induction of cytotoxicity

  • -

    ↓ cell migration and differentiation

  • -

    ↓ expression of neuronal and astrocytic genes

  • -

    ↓ expression of the CYP1A1 gene

  • -

    ↑ expression of the SOD1 gene

  • -

    ↑ Ca2+ signaling

 [76]
Astroglioma (C6) GLY: concentrations from 0 to 160 mM for 24 h Determine the activity of enzymes related to energy metabolism, as well as parameters of oxidative stress, mitochondrial mass, nuclear area, and autophagy in astrocytes treated with GBH
  • -

    ↓ cell viability

  • -

    ↓ in the activity of the enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain

  • -

    ↓ CK activity

  • -

    ↓ mitochondrial mass

  • -

    ↑ non-protein thiol levels

  • -

    ↑ autophagic protein levels

 [77]
Embryonic DRG and pure Schwann cells GLY, Roundup®: 0.0005% and 0.005% for ten days (DRG) or 72 h (Schwann cells) Investigate the effects of pure GLY and GBH in murine embryonic DRG cultures
  • -

    GBH had a demyelinating effect, but this effect was not observed after treatment with GLY

  • -

    GBH ↑ expression of TNF-α in DRG and in Schwann cells

  • -

    GBH ↑ NO release in Schwann cells

 [78]
Embryonic DRG and pure Schwann cells GLY, Roundup®: doses not specified for ten days (DRG) or 72 h (Schwann cells) Study and compare the effects of pure GLY and GBH in murine embryonic DRG explant cultures
  • -

    GBH had a concentration-dependent demyelinating effect

  • -

    GBH ↑ TNF-α expression and NO release in Schwann cells

 [79]

Abbreviations: PC-12, pheochromocytoma; GLY, glyphosate; ↓, decrease; NSC, neural stem cells; ↑, increase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GBH, glyphosate-based herbicide; CK, creatine kinase; DRG, dorsal root ganglia; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; NO, nitric oxide.