Table 2.
Novel drug delivery carriers employed to encapsulate herbal antifungal extracts and essential oils.
| SN | Nanocarrier | Herbal Constituent/Extract | Test Organism | Comment | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes | Garlic extract |
P. expansum, P. herquei, F. graminearum, A. niger, and A. flavus |
Enhanced antifungal potential of extract loaded liposme than free extract | [119] | |
| Liposomes | α-Bisabolol in combination with Fluconazole | Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis | Liposomal bisabolol potentiated the antifungal effect of fluconazole against the test organism | [120] | |
| Liposomes | Essential Oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaf | M. canis, M. gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum and T. verrucosum, | Enhanced antifungal potential of oil loaded liposme than free oil. | [121] | |
| Nanoliposomes | Artemisia annua L. essential oil (AEO) | C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. albicans, and C. dubliniensis | Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of pure AEO was significantly higher than AEO-loaded nanoliposomes. | [122] | |
| SLNs | Z. multiflora essential oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (ZE-SLNs) | A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. flavus, Alternaria solani, Rhizopus stoloniferaand Rhizoctonia solani. | ZE-SLNs exhibited higher antifungal efficacy than ZEO. | [123] | |
| SLNs | Copaiba oil and allantoin | Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis, Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis | Improved antifungal activity of copaiba oil due to nanoencapsulation. | [124] | |
| NLCs | Palmarosa essential oil (PEO) | Aspergillus nomius. | 100% of inhibition of fungal growth was reported. | [125] | |
| NLCs | Cinnamon Essential Oil | Penicillium Citrinum and Penicillium Expansum | Significant reduction in antifungal activity | [126] | |
| AgNPs | Fruit extract of Prunus cerasifera | X. citri, P. syringae, A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus, P. chrysogenum, F. solani and L. theobromae. | Broad spectrum inhibition by test formulation in comparison to standard antimicrobial drugs against organism | [127] | |
| AgNPs | Rhizophora mucronate leaves extract | C. albicans, A. fumigatus, A. flavus and Cryptococcus neoformans | Enhanced antifungal activity of fluconazole in presence of extract loaded AgNPs | [128] | |
| AgNPs | Lawsonia Inermis extract |
Candida albicans, Microsporum canis, Propioniabacterium acne and Trichophyton mentagrophytes | Phenolic compounds showed strong fungicidal activity. |
[129] | |
| AgNPs | Tropaeolum majus. | Penicilium notatum | Good antifungal activity against Penicilium notatum with MIC value 31.2 μg/ml. | [130] | |
| AgNPs Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) |
Green and black tea leaves extract | Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus | Green tea or black tea leaves extracts enriched Ag-NPs showed excellent antifungal property than FeNPs and CuNPs. |
[131] | |
| Polymeric nanoparticle | Curcumin | S. cerevisiae, A. niger, and Penicillium notatum | Broad-spectrum antifungal activity was reported | [132] | |
| Lipid nanoparticle | Lippia sidoides essential oil | C. albicans | Enhanced antifungal activity was reported | [102] |