Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients with sepsis
| Characteristics | Total (n = 3176) | Non-AKI (n = 779) | AKI (n = 2397) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 1756 (55.3%) | 465 (59.7%) | 1291 (53.9%) | 0.004 |
| Age (years) | 66 (54–77) | 62 (52–73) | 67 (55–78) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.147 | |||
| White | 2391 (75.3%) | 566 (72.7%) | 1825 (76.1%) | |
| Black | 260 (8.2%) | 71 (9.1%) | 189 (7.9%) | |
| Other | 525 (16.5%) | 142 (18.2%) | 383 (16.0%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 (23–32) | 26 (23–30) | 28 (23–32) | < 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 1034 (32.6%) | 193 (24.8%) | 841 (35.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias, n (%) | 1256 (39.5%) | 222 (28.5%) | 1034 (43.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1422 (44.8%) | 317 (40.7%) | 1105 (46.1%) | 0.008 |
| Paralysis, n (%) | 125 (3.9%) | 45 (5.8%) | 80 (3.3%) | 0.002 |
| Chronic pulmonary, n (%) | 766 (24.1%) | 163 (20.9%) | 603 (25.2%) | 0.016 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 865 (27.2%) | 187 (24.0%) | 678 (28.3%) | 0.020 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 626 (19.7%) | 110 (14.1%) | 516 (21.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Coagulopathy, n (%) | 830 (26.1%) | 173 (22.2%) | 657 (27.4%) | 0.004 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 1840 (57.9%) | 262 (33.6%) | 1578 (65.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 1990 (62.7%) | 352 (45.2%) | 1638 (68.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Anion gap_min (mmol/l) | 12 (11–14) | 12 (10–14) | 13 (11–14) | < 0.001 |
| Anion gap_max (mmol/l) | 16 (14–19) | 15 (13–18) | 16 (14–19) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin_min (g/dl) | 2.7 (2.3–3.1) | 2.8 (2.4–3.1) | 2.6 (2.2–3.1) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin_max (g/dl) | 2.8 (2.4–3.2) | 2.8 (2.5–3.3) | 2.8 (2.3–3.2) | 0.002 |
| Bilirubin_min (mg/dl) | 0.7 (0.4–1.7) | 0.6 (0.4–1.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.7) | < 0.001 |
| Bilirubin_max (mg/dl) | 0.8 (0.5–2.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 0.9 (0.5–2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine_min (mg/dl) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1 (0.7–1.4) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine_max (mg/dl) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 1.1 (0.8–1.55) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | < 0.001 |
| Chloride_min (mEq/l) | 103 (98–108) | 103 (99–108) | 103 (98–107) | 0.003 |
| Chloride_max (mEq/l) | 109 (104–113) | 109 (105–113) | 108 (104–113) | 0.004 |
| Glucose_min (mg/dl) | 104 (87–125) | 104 (88–121.5) | 104 (87–127) | 0.76 |
| Glucose_max (mg/dl) | 156 (124–205) | 146 (118.5–194) | 158 (126–209) | < 0.001 |
| Lactate_min (mmol/l) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.4 (1–1.8) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Lactate_max (mmol/l) | 2.4 (1.6–4.2) | 2.1 (1.5–3.5) | 2.5 (1.6–4.4) | < 0.001 |
| Platelet_min (K/UL) | 183 (109–278) | 188 (120–283) | 182 (106–276) | 0.103 |
| Platelet_max (K/UL) | 229.5 (148.3–339) | 229 (149–339) | 230 (148–340) | 0.673 |
| Potassium_min (mEq/l) | 3.6 (3.3–4) | 3.6 (3.3–3.9) | 3.6 (3.3–4) | 0.005 |
| Potassium_max (mEq/l) | 4.4 (4–4.9) | 4.2 (3.9–4.7) | 4.4 (4–4.9) | < 0.001 |
| PTT_min (seconds) | 31.1 (27.1–36.8) | 30.2 (26.8–35.3) | 31.3 (27.2–37.3) | < 0.001 |
| PTT_max (seconds) | 35.7 (29.7–46.9) | 34 (28.85–41.85) | 36.3 (30–48.6) | < 0.001 |
| INR_min | 1.3 (1.2–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.3 (1.2–1.6) | < 0.001 |
| INR_max | 1.4 (1.2–1.9) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.5 (1.3–2) | < 0.001 |
| PT_min (seconds) | 14.7 (13.4–17) | 14.3 (13.2–16.2) | 14.8 (13.4–17.3) | < 0.001 |
| PT_max (seconds) | 15.8 (14–19.4) | 15.2 (13.8–17.8) | 16 (14.1–19.9) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium_min (mEq/l) | 136 (133–140) | 137 (133–140) | 136 (133–140) | 0.028 |
| Sodium_max (mEq/l) | 140 (137–143) | 140 (137–143) | 140 (137–143) | 0.216 |
| BUN_min (mg/dl) | 21 (14–35) | 18 (12–30) | 23 (14–37) | < 0.001 |
| BUN_max (mg/dl) | 26 (17–42) | 23 (15–38) | 27 (18–44) | < 0.001 |
| WBC_min (K/UL) | 10.6 (6.6–15.7) | 10.9 (6.6–15.7) | 10.6 (6.6–15.7) | 0.647 |
| WBC_max (K/UL) | 15 (9.7–21.5) | 14.9 (9.5–21.25) | 15 (9.8–21.6) | 0.403 |
| HeartRate_min (beats/minute) | 78 (67–90) | 77 (65–89) | 78 (67–90) | 0.02 |
| HeartRate_max (beats/minute) | 114 (99–128) | 110 (97–125.5) | 115 (100–129) | < 0.001 |
| SysBP_min (mmHg) | 83 (75–92) | 86 (78–95) | 82 (73–91) | < 0.001 |
| SysBP_max (mmHg) | 140 (126–154) | 138 (126–153) | 140 (127–155) | 0.06 |
| DiasBP_min (mmHg) | 41 (34–48) | 42 (35–49) | 40 (34–47) | < 0.001 |
| DiasBP_max (mmHg) | 80 (70.3–91) | 81 (72–90) | 80 (70–91) | 0.706 |
| Temperature_min (℃) | 36.1 (35.6–36.7) | 36.2 (35.8–36.7) | 36.1 (35.6–36.6) | < 0.001 |
| Temperature_max (℃) | 37.7 (37.1–38.4) | 37.7 (37.1–38.6) | 37.6 (37.1–38.3) | 0.006 |
| SpO2_Min (%) | 92 (89–95) | 93 (90–95) | 92 (89–95) | 0.002 |
| SpO2_Max (%) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 100 (100–100) | 0.003 |
| Urine output (ml) | 790 (422.3–1380) | 1005 (512.5–1627.5) | 745 (410–1280) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 75.2 (47.4–107.8) | 87.4 (58.0–118.2) | 70.4 (43.7–105.4) | < 0.001 |
AKI acute kidney injury, BMI body mass Index, PT prothrombin time, PTT partial thromboplastin time, INR International Normalized Ratio, BUN blood urea nitrogen, WBC white blood cell, SpO2 oxygen saturation, SysBP systolic blood pressure, DiasBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate