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. 2022 May 13;22:241. doi: 10.1186/s12876-022-02290-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Procedure for selecting study subjects. Flowchart of selecting study subjects from the health checkup database in Hiroshima (April 2013–July 2018) and Iwate (April 2008–March 2019) prefectures. A total of 75,666 individuals without HBV or HCV provided blood samples, answers about alcohol consumption, and underwent ultrasonography for health checkups, and 17,968 residents were diagnosed as NAFLD. HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen, Anti-HCV anti hepatitis C virus antibody, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease