Skip to main content
. 2022 May 12;27(19):2100746. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.19.2100746

Table 1. Demographic characteristics and laboratory information of participating sites, by United Nations (UN) region, global survey of Mycoplasma pneumoniae detections, April 2017–March 2021.

UN region and country City or region National pandemic lockdown (days, period)a School closure duration (days)b Laboratory and/or systemc Test method (technique; product) Company or reference Macrolide resistance determination
Europe
Western Europe
France Bordeaux 102 days
(17 Mar–11 May 2020; 28 Oct–14 Dec 2020)
43 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house) [47] Yes [48]
Switzerland Geneva 41 days
(16 Mar–26 Apr 2020)
31 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, real-time; BioGX Sample-Ready BD MAX System) BD Diagnostics No
Lausanne Hospital / clinical laboratory (secondary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel) bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No
Bernd Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, real-time; Anyplex II RB5 Detection) Seegene Inc. No
Lucerned Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel) bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No
Bellinzona Surveillance system (regional; 0.4 million population) e NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel)f bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No
Zurich (A) Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house) [49] Yes [50]
Zurich (B)d Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house)g [49] Yes [50]
St. Gallend Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, real-time; Allplex Respiratory Panel) Seegene Inc. No
Aarau Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel) bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No
ELISAh (ImmunoWELL Mycoplasma IgM/IgG) Thermo Fisher Scientific Remel Inc.
Basel (A) Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel) bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No
Basel (B)d Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel)i bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No
Germany Homburg 161 days
(17 Mar–5 May 2020; 19 Dec 2020–end of survey period)
92 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, real-time; AID CAP Bac PCR Kit) Autoimmun Diagnostika GmbH (AID) No
CLIAh (Mycoplasma pneumoniae Virclia IgM/IgG Monotest) Vircell, S.L.
Düsseldorf Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house) [51] No
ELISAh (EIA Mycoplasma IgM/IgG/IgA) DIAsource ImmunoAssays SA
Saxonyj Surveillance system (regional; 4.1 million population) k Combination of direct and indirect test methods (different techniques)k [12] No
Belgium Antwerp, Leuven (national reference laboratory) 52 days
(18 Mar–9 May 2020)
76 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) and national reference laboratory l NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house) [52] Yes [48]
National surveillancej Surveillance system (national; 60% of all Belgian microbiology laboratories) m Direct test methods (different techniques)m [53] No
The Netherlands Rotterdam 99 days
(16 Mar–6 Apr 2020; 15 Dec 2020–2 Mar 2021)
74 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house) [54] No
Northern Europe
England National reference laboratoryn 72 days
(14 Mar– 9 May 2020; 5 Nov–1 Dec 2020)
102 National reference laboratory NAAT (multiplex PCR, real-time; in-house) [20] Yes [55]
Denmark National surveillance 99 days
(12 Mar–13 Apr 2020; 25 Dec–1 Mar 2020)
76 Surveillance system (national; 5.8 million population) NAAT (PCR, different techniques)o [56] No
Finland Turku 98 days
(16 Mar–22 Jun 2020)
42 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) Combination of direct and indirect test methods (different techniques)p [57] No
National surveillancej Surveillance system (national; 5.5 million population) Combination of direct and indirect test methods (different techniques)q [6] No
Norway Trondheim 81 days
(12 Mar–1 Jun 2020)
32 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, real-time; in-house) NA No
Southern Europe
Portugal Coimbrad 103 days
(19 Mar–2 May 2020; 15 Jan–15 Mar 2021)
67 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel) bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No
Greece Athens (A)d 179 days
(23 Mar–4 May 2020; 7 Nov 2020–22 Mar 2021)
114 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) ELISA (DRG Mycoplasma pneumoniae ELISA IgM/IgG) DRG International, Inc. No
Athens (B)d Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) ELISA (NovaLisa Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM/IgG) Novatec Immundiagnostica GmbH No
Slovenia Ljubljana 46 days
(19 Mar–4 May 2020)
46 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, real-time; Chla/Myco pneumo R-GENE) bioMérieux/ARGENE No
Asia
Western Asia
Israel Jerusalem 52 days
(12 Mar–3 May 2020)
139 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house) [20] No
Eastern Asia
Japan Kurashiki City (Okayama)d 0 days
(no national lockdown)
51 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house) [58] Yes [58]
Tokyo Hospital / clinical laboratory (secondary centre) Rapid antigen test (SAI; FUJI DRI-CHEM IMMUNO AG) Fujifilm, Kanagawa, Japan No
Taiwan Taoyuand 0 days
(no national lockdown)
0 (no official school closures) Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house) [59] Yes [59]
South-eastern Asia
Singapore Singapored 55 days
(7 Apr–1 Jun 2020)
57 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel) bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No
South Asia
India New Delhi 74 days
(25 Mar–7 Jun 2020)
235 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) ELISA (NovaLisa Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM) Novatec Immundiagnostica GmbH NO
America
Northern America
United States Chicagod 70 days
(21 Mar–30 May 2020)
192 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel) bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No
Caribbean
Cuba National surveillance 240 days
(20 Mar–18 Jun 2020; 1 Nov 2020–end of survey period)
121 Surveillance system (national; 11.3 million population) NAAT (PCR, real-time; in-house) [60] Yes [60]
Oceania
Australia Darlinghurst (Sydney) 53 days
(23 Mar–15 May 2020)
125 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (PCR, real-time; EasyScreen Respiratory Pathogen Detection Kit) Genetic Signatures No
New Zealand Auckland 78 days
(national: 23 Mar–13 May 2020; Auckland: 12–18 Aug 2020; 15–17 Feb 2021; 28 Feb–7 Mar 2021)
40 Hospital / clinical laboratory (tertiary centre) NAAT (multiplex PCR, microarray; FilmArray Respiratory Panel)r bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics No

CLIA: chemiluminescent immunoassay; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Ig, immunoglobulin; NA: not available; NAAT: nucleic acid amplification test; SAI: silver amplification immunochromatography; UN: United Nations.

a Stay-at-home orders for the general population (referred to as lockdown) according to an ECDC document [25] for Europe and to Wikipedia [26] for other UN regions, with adjustments made by the local participating author and considered until the end of the study period (31 March 2021).

b Full and partial school closure duration in days according to [27] until 2 March 2021 (last update before end of study period).

c More detailed information including reporting characteristics, de-duplication and exclusion criteria are provided in Supplementary Table S2.

d ≥ 90% of data are from children and adolescents < 18 years of age.

e Data from several hospitals in the region of Ticino.

f Additional use of a specific in-house PCR [52].

g From 12 October 2020 to the end of the survey period additional testing with the FilmArray Respiratory Panel (bioMérieux/BioFire Diagnostics).

h In addition to PCR also serological data separately reported.

i Multiplex PCR testing before 2020 using the Respifinder (Pathofinder), and single PCR testing over the total survey period with a specific in-house PCR, as described previously [61].

j Exclusively positive test numbers (and no total test numbers) available and/or reported.

k Data from the federal state of Saxony detected by the Landesuntersuchungsanstalt Sachsen based on combined direct and indirect test methods, but predominantly on serology (no information on isotypes) [12].

l National reference laboratory data from the two related hospitals (Antwerp, Leuven; 86–98%) and across the country (2–14%).

m Data collected through the Belgian Sentinel Network of Laboratories (SNL), a network of ca 95 microbiology laboratories (i.e. 60% of all Belgian microbiology laboratories) [53], based on direct test methods such as NAAT, antigen test, culture, microscopy, 'unknown' or 'other' (cases based on serology were excluded).

n Period of enhanced surveillance from 1 October 2019 to 30 March 2020.

o Different PCR assays, of which some are published [56] or commercial kits, but most are unpublished but validated in-house assays.

p Predominantly by serology (ca 75%; no information on isotypes), partly by multiplex PCR (Allplex Respiratory Panel, Seegene Inc.; ca 25%).

q Predominantly by PCR.

r Additional use of an in-house multiplex PCR (www.labplus.co.nz).

Entries in bold signify national and/or regional surveillances.