Table 4. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae testing and detection rates per year, April 2017–March 2021 (n = 784).
| UN region and country | City or region | Macrolide resistance determination (reference) | April 2017–March 2018 | April 2018–March 2019 | April 2019–March 2020 | April 2020–March 2021 (COVID-19 pandemic) |
Difference in detection rate (%) pre-pandemic vs COVID-19 pandemica |
P b | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total tests (N) | Positive tests (n) | Detection rate (%) | Total tests (N) | Positive tests (n) | Detection rate (%) | Total tests (N) | Positive tests (n) | Detection rate (%) | Total tests (N) | Positive tests (n) | Detection rate (%) | |||||
| Europe | ||||||||||||||||
| Western Europe | ||||||||||||||||
| France | Bordeaux | [48] | 10 | 0 | 0.00 | 15 | 2 | 13.33 | 30 | 3 | 10.00 | 3 | 0 | 0.00 | –100.00 | 1.00 |
| Switzerland | Zurich (A + Bc)d | [50] | 0 | NA | NA | 2 | 2 | 100.00 | 10 | 7 | 70.00 | 3 | 1 | 33.33 | –55.56 | 0.24 |
| Belgium | Antwerp, Leuven (national reference laboratory) | [48] | 26 | 1 | 3.85 | 15 | 0 | 0.00 | 30 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | –100.00 | 1.00 |
| England | National reference laboratorye | [55] | 19 | 3 | 15.79 | 11 | 0 | 0.00 | 104 | 1 | 0.96 | 6 | 0 | 0.00 | –100.00 | 1.00 |
| Asia | ||||||||||||||||
| Eastern Asia | ||||||||||||||||
| Japan | National surveillance | [58] | 103 | 20 | 19.42 | 97 | 5 | 5.15 | 124 | 18 | 14.52 | 8 | 0 | 0.00 | –100.00 | 0.60 |
| Taiwan | Taoyuan c | [59] | 10 | 6 | 60.00 | 53 | 42 | 79.25 | 80 | 62 | 77.50 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| America | ||||||||||||||||
| Caribbean | ||||||||||||||||
| Cuba | National surveillance | [60] | 14 | 2 | 14.29 | 0 | NA | NA | 9 | 2 | 22.22 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
COVID-19: coronavirus disease; SD: standard deviation; MRMp: macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae; NA: not applicable; UN: United Nations.
a Difference in detection rate between April 2017 and March 2020 (mean positive/total tests across the 3 years) and April 2020 and March 2021 (absolute number positive/total tests). Percentages showing a reduction in detection rate are indicated in bold.
b Proportions of positive/total tests from April 2020 to March 2021 were compared with total numbers from April 2017 to March 2020 by Fisher's exact test.
c ≥ 90% of data are from children and adolescents < 18 years of age.
d Macrolide resistance determination only upon physician's request in case of clinically suspected MRMp infection. Data reported for both sites from Zurich (A + B).
e Period of enhanced surveillance from 1 October 2019 to 30 March 2020.
Entries in italics signify macrolide resistance determination only upon physician’s request in case of clinically suspected MRMp infection.