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Associations between genetically predicted higher plasma caffeine levels and risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio. Cochran’s Q test statistic for heterogeneity between study-specific estimates: Q = 0.59 (p = 0.74) for Alzheimer’s disease and Q = 1.73 (p = 0.19) for Parkinson’s disease. The blue diamonds represent the combined OR estimate with its 95% CI from the meta-analysis of all studies for each outcome.
