Table 3.

Sentinel foods for each food group nationally and by province.

Sentinel Foods

National

Beijing

Liaoning

Heilongjiang

Shanghai

Jiangsu

Shandong

Henan

Hubei

Hunan

Guangxi

Guizhou

Chongqing

Staple foods made from grains (group 1)

rice

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

noodles

X

X

X

X

X

X·

steamed buns

X

X

X

X

X

bread

X

X

X

X

X

pancake ** in Beijing and Shandong

X

X

Whole grain (group 2)

millet

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

cornmeal

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

corn

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

whole wheat bread

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

oats

X

X

X

X

X

X

barley

X

X

X

X

black rice

X

X

buckwheat * in Guizhou

X

White root/tubers (group 3)

potato

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

lotus root

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

starch noodles

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

turnip

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

yam

X

X

X

X

X

X

taro

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

plantain ** in Jiangsu

X

plantain * in Guangxi

X

jicama * in Hunan

X

Legumes (group 4)

bean curd or tofu

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

bean curd sheet

X

X

X

X

X

X

soybean milk

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

soybeans

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

other dried beans

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

soy meat ** in Shanghai

X

Vitamin A-rich orange vegetables (group 5)

carrots

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

pumpkin or butternut squash

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

sweet potatoes that are orange inside

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Dark green leafy vegetables (group 6)

Chinese cabbage

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

water spinach

X

X

X

X

X

Chinses spinach

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

rape

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

bok choy

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

sweet potato leaves

X

X

X

broccoli

X

X

X

X

mustard leaves

X

X

X

chrysanthemum leaves

X

X

radish leaves

X

X

X

amaranth leaves

X

X

X

Other vegetables (group 7)

cabbage

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

tomatoes

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

eggplant

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

loofah

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

cucumber

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

local celery

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

mushrooms

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

lettuce

X

X

X

X

X

X

radish

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

bean sprouts

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

cauliflower

X

X

X

X

X

bamboo shoot

X

X

X

X

bell pepper

X

X

X

seaweed

X

X

green beans

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

bitter melon ** in Guangxi and Guizhou

X

X

zucchini ** in Guangxi

X

chayote ** in Guizhou

X

Vitamin A-rich fruits (group 8)

persimmon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

cantaloupe

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

ripe mango

X

X

X

papaya

X

X

X

hawthorn berry * in Beijing and Liaoning

X

X

Citrus (group 9)

orange

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

tangerines

X

X

X

X

X

X

pomelo

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

grapefruit

X

X

kumquat

X

X

Other fruits (group 10)

apple

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

pear

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

watermelon

X

X

X

X

X

banana

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

grapes

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

kiwi

X

X

X

dragonfruit

X

X

X

jujube

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

longan

X

X

X

wampee

X

X

pomegranate

X

X

lychee

X

X

cherry

X

X

peaches

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

honeydew melon * in Heilongjiang

X

Grain-based sweets (group 11)

cakes

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

cookies

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

sweet pastries

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

mooncake

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

rice dumplings

X

X

X

egg tart

X

X

Other sweets (group 12)

candy

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

chocolates

X

X

X

X

X

X

popsicles

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

ice cream

X

X

X

X

X

Jelly pudding

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Eggs (group 13)

eggs

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Cheese (group 14)

cheese

X

X

X

X

Yogurt (group 15)

yogurt

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Processed meats (group 16)

ham

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

bacon or larou

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

sausages

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

beef jerky

X

X

processed beef product

X

X

X

X

X

pork jerky

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Unprocessed red meat (ruminant) (group 17)

beef

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

lamb sheep or goat

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

donkey

X

X

X

organs from these animals

X

X

X

X

X

X

Unprocessed red meat (non-ruminant) (group 18)

pork

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

pork organs

X

X

X

Poultry (group 19)

chicken

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

duck

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

goose

X

X

X

pigeon

X

X

X

chicken gizzard

X

X

chicken heart ** in Liaoning

X

chicken liver ** in Heilongjiang

X

Fish and seafood (group 20)

fish

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

seafood

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Nuts and seeds (group 21)

peanuts

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

sunflower seeds

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

chestnuts

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

walnuts

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

sesame paste

X

X

X

X

X

X

almonds

X

X

X

X

X

watermelon seeds

X

X

X

X

pumpkin seeds

X

X

X

seeds of Euryale ferox ** in Beijing

X

seeds of Euryale ferox * in Jiangsu

X

hazelnut ** in Liaoning

X

pine nut ** in Heilongjiang

X

pine nut * in Jiangsu

X

lotus seeds ** in Guangxi

X

Packaged ultra-processed salty snacks (group 22)

chips

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

shrimp chips

X

X

Instant noodles (group 23)

instant noodles

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Deep fried foods (group 24)

fried bread stick

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

fried pancake

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

fried bean curd

X

X

X

X

X

X

fried glutinous rice ball

X

X

X

chicken nugget

X

X

X

Fluid milk (group 25)

milk

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

milk powder

X

X

X

X

X

X

Sweet tea/coffee/milk drinks (group 26)

flavored milk

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Yakult

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Nutri-Express

X

X

X

bottled tea beverage

X

X

Fruit juice (group 27)

fruit juice

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

fruit juice beverage

X

X

X

X

SSBs (sodas) (group 28)

soft drink

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

sports drink

X

X

X

X

energy drink

X

X

Fast food (group 29)

KFC

X

X

X

X

X

X

burger

X

X

X

X

X

X

sandwich/sub

X

X

X

pizza

X

X

X

Note: “X” represents the sentinel food items of each food group nationally and by province; SSB = sugar-sweetened beverages; * means that the item is not included in the DQQ, and that <90.0% of people were captured by the DQQ sentinel foods in the corresponding province; ** means that the item is not included in the DQQ, and that between 90.0–95.0% of people were already captured by the DQQ sentinel foods in the corresponding province; The DQQ has included luncheon meat in group 16 (processed meat) even though it is not seen in the CHNS, since the people most likely to consume this food are outside of the sample (younger age groups); The DQQ has included horse in group 17 (uprocessed red meat (ruminant)) even though it is not seen in the CHNS, since the people most likely to consume this food are outside of the sample (ethnic minorities living in provinces not included in the survey).