Table 2.
Univariate analysis for the presence of PDR
| Characteristics | ||
|---|---|---|
| n | OR (95% CI) | P |
| Age (years) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.690 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.175 | |
| Male | 1 | |
| Female | 1.74 (0.78–3.85) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1 | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2.82 (0.96–8.25) | 0.059 |
| Mexican American | 1.80 (0.5–6.44) | 0.364 |
| Other | 4.00 (1.09–14.66) | 0.036 |
| Marriage, n (%) | ||
| Married | 1 | |
| Unmarried | 1.72 (0.36–8.18) | 0.497 |
| Other | 1.8 (0.79 ~ 4.07) | 0.161 |
| BMI | ||
| Underweight/normal | 1 | |
| Overweight | 0.33 (0.09–1.2) | 0.092 |
| Obese | 0.75 (0.26 ~ 2.16) | 0.594 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||
| Current smoker | 1 | |
| Former smoker | 5.09 (0.64–40.73) | 0.125 |
| Never smoker | 5.33 (0.69–41.1) | 0.108 |
| VitD (nmol/L) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.803 |
| HGB(g/dL) | 0.68 (0.54–0.86) | 0.001 |
| CRP | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 0.414 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.31 (0.45–3.78) | 0.616 |
| Total cholesterol(mmol/L) | 1.22 (0.91–1.63) | 0.176 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 0.53 (0.21–1.36) | 0.186 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.004 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; Vitamin D, Vit D; HGB, hemoglobin; CRP, C-reactive protein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol