Figure 3.

The distribution of behavioral response scores observed in male African elephants during estrous playback experiments at the Mushara waterhole in 2008. For each male elephant group, ridgeline peaks showcase the density of elephants, represented by individual points along the response score gradient. Median values (non-musth 1Q–3Q = 0.875; non-musth 4Q = 0.25; and musth 4Q = 1.00) are shown using a vertical line per group. Corresponding boxplots demonstrate interquartile ranges (non-musth 1Q–3Q = 0.40; non-musth 4Q = 0.094; and musth 4Q = 0) and outliers (*). The boxplot for the musth 4Q group is compressed to a single line below the median due to the heavily weighted response score of 1, with a single extreme outlier present at 0.28. The effect of male group on response score was significant (p = 0.005).