Figure 4.

(a) The mean rate (±SEM) of defecation per minute observed in male elephants (n = 18) “before” and “after” the onset of estrous call playbacks. Individual elephants are represented by a single point for each time period and are jittered along the categorical x-axis to prevent point overlap. No difference was detected between elephants with divergent reaction scores. There was a significant difference between before and after values (p = 0.002, effect size r = 0.65); (b) the mean rate (±SEM) of musth behaviors per minute observed in all mature musth adult elephants (n = 5) across both time periods. There was no significant difference between musth behavior rates observed across both time periods (p = 0.5, effect size r = 0.06).