Table 1.
Mental health outcomes in 2013 and 2016 and baseline sociodemographic characteristics of study participants in 2010 by levels of disaster damage
| Home loss | Loss of love ones | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Baseline characteristic | Overall (N = 3567) |
Yes (n = 159) |
No (n = 3307) |
Yes (n = 1329) |
No (n = 2238) |
|
| |||||
| GDS in 2013, mean (SD)† | 3.78 (3.38) | 5.28 (3.44) | 3.68 (3.34) | 3.77 (3.39) | 3.78 (3.37) |
| PTSS in 2013, mean (SD)‡ | 2.31 (2.27) | 3.89 (2.53) | 2.24 (2.23) | 2.80 (2.45) | 2.01 (2.10) |
| GDS in 2016, mean (SD)† | 3.59 (3.47) | 4.21 (3.58) | 3.52 (3.44) | 3.48 (3.47) | 3.66 (3.46) |
| PTSS in 2016, mean (SD)‡ | 2.25 (2.17) | 3.77 (2.50) | 2.19 (2.14) | 2.51 (2.31) | 2.08 (2.05) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 73.6 (6.29) | 73.9 (6.60) | 73.6 (6.28) | 73.1 (6.12) | 74.0 (6.36) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Men | 2015 (56.5) | 97 (61.0) | 1850 (55.9) | 779 (58.6) | 1236 (55.2) |
| Women | 1552 (43.5) | 62 (39.0) | 1457 (44.1) | 550 (41.4) | 1002 (44.8) |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||||
| Married | 2460 (69.0) | 103 (64.8) | 2302 (69.6) | 926 (69.7) | 1534 (68.5) |
| Widowed | 833 (23.4) | 35 (22.0) | 771 (23.3) | 306 (23.0) | 527 (23.5) |
| Divorced | 87 (2.4) | 2(1.3) | 81 (2.4) | 30 (2.3) | 57 (2.5) |
| Single | 43 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 40 (1.2) | 12 (0.9) | 31 (1.4) |
| Other | 21 (0.6) | 2(1.3) | 17 (0.5) | 10 (0.8) | 11 (0.5%) |
| Living alone, n (%) | |||||
| No | 3148 (88.3) | 144 (90.6) | 2921 (88.3%) | 1204 (90.6%) | 1944 (86.9%) |
| Yes | 323 (9.1) | 5(3.1) | 310 (9.4%) | 96 (7.2%) | 227 (10.1%) |
| Education, n (%) | |||||
| <6 y | 47 (1.3) | 1 (0.6) | 46 (1.4) | 17(1.3) | 30 (1.3) |
| 6–9 y | 1183 (33.2) | 98 (61.6) | 1038 (31.4) | 504 (37.9) | 679 (30.3) |
| 10–12y | 1486 (41.7) | 38 (23.9) | 1408 (42.6) | 518(39.0) | 968 (43.3) |
| ≥13 y | 713 (20.0) | 8 (5.0) | 696 (21.0) | 245 (18.4) | 468 (20.9) |
| Other | 31 (0.9) | 2(1.3) | 28 (0.8) | 13 (1.0) | 18 (0.8) |
| Household income [10,000 yen], mean (SD)§ | 230 (142) | 168 (124) | 234 (142) | 226 (142) | 233 (142) |
| Self-rated health, n (%) | |||||
| Bad | 423 (11.9) | 25 (15.7) | 389 (11.8) | 160(12.0) | 263 (11.8) |
| Not good | 2420 (67.8) | 96 (60.4) | 2260 (68.3) | 908 (68.3) | 1512 (67.6) |
| Good | 537 (15.1) | 19 (11.9) | 502 (15.2) | 190(14.3) | 347 (15.5) |
| Very good | 121 (3.4) | 13 (8.2) | 100 (3.0) | 44 (3.3) | 77 (3.4) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 23.5 (3.12) | 23.9 (2.85) | 23.5 (3.10) | 23.6 (3.08) | 23.5 (3.15) |
| ADL, n (%) | |||||
| No help needed | 3354 (94.0) | 137 (86.2) | 3127 (94.6) | 1259 (94.7) | 2095 (93.6) |
| Partially needed | 118 (3.3) | 8 (5.0) | 106 (3.2) | 40 (3.0) | 78 (3.5) |
| Completely needed | 21 (0.6) | 4 (2.5) | 14 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) | 17 (0.8) |
| GDS in 2010, mean (SD)† | 3.66 (3.44) | 4.09 (3.44) | 3.60 (3.41) | 3.64 (3.45) | 3.68 (3.44) |
| IADL, mean (SD)‡ | 11.6 (2.30) | 11.1 (2.81) | 11.6 (2.25) | 11.7 (2.22) | 11.5 (2.34) |
| Treatment for major diseases, n (%) | 1.54 (1.41) | 1.41 (1.26) | 1.53 (1.41) | 1.52 (1.38) | 1.55 (1.44) |
†
We used the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS; range, 0–15 points) to assess depressive symptoms.
‡
We used the Screening Questionnaire for Disaster Mental Health (range, 0–9 points) to assess posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS).
§
Annual household income was divided by the square root of the number of household members to account for household size.
ADL = activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.