Table 1.
Effect of knockout/down and overexpression of chromatin-modifying protein on keratinocyte/epidermal growth and differentiation.
| Gene/Modified Gene | Effect on Chromatin | Effect on Keratinocyte/Epidermal Growth and Differentiation |
|---|---|---|
| Brg1 | Alteration of the chromatin architecture by repositioning, assembling, and restructuring nucleosomes | Overexpression of the EDC genes [26] |
| Brg1 knockout | Alteration of the chromatin architecture by repositioning, assembling, and restructuring nucleosomes | Impairment of the final stage of keratinocyte terminal differentiation [27] |
| SWI/SNF complex | Alteration of the chromatin architecture by repositioning, assembling, and restructuring nucleosomes | Suppress differentiation and promote the maintenance of the progenitor state in epidermal cells [28] |
| Mi-2β | Alteration of the chromatin architecture by repositioning, assembling, and restructuring nucleosomes | Self-renewal of epidermal precursors during the earlier phases of embryogenesis; defective basal layer formation [29] |
| Mi-2β knockout | Alteration of the chromatin architecture by repositioning, assembling, and restructuring nucleosomes | Impaired induction and development of the hair follicles [29] |
| JMJD3 knockdown | H3K27me3 ↑ | Blocked progenitor cell differentiation [30] |
| JMJD3 overexpression | H3K27me3 ↓ | Enhanced expression of epidermal differentiation markers [30] |
| Setd8 knockout | H3K20me1 ↓ | Inhibition of progenitor cell proliferation; impaired differentiation [31,32] |
| Suv39H1 knockout | H3K9me3 ↓ | Induction of genes encoding differentiation markers [33] |
| Jarid1b knockdown | H3K4me3 ↑ | Delayed differentiation [34] |
| Jarid1b overexpression | H3K4me3 ↓ | Reduced proliferation; enhanced differentiation [34] |
| Satb1 | Integration of higher-order chromatin architecture with gene regulation | Induction of cell differentiation [35] |
| Satb1 knockout | Integration of higher-order chromatin architecture with gene regulation | Altered expression of terminal differentiation-associated genes [35] |
| DNMT1 knockdown | DNA methylation | Maintenance of epidermal progenitor cells and epidermal tissue renewal [36] |
| 5-hydroxymethylcytosine | Demethylation 5mC | Impairment of self-renewal of stem cells [37] |
| HDAC1/2 knockout | acH3 ↑ | Enhanced proliferation; epidermal hyperplasia; disturbed hair follicle differentiation [38] |
| Jarid2 knockout | H3K27me3 ↓ | Inhibition of proliferation; premature differentiation [39] |