Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of normal-weight hypertensive patients according to VAI
| Variable | Ln VAI | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | ||
| VAI range | < 0.84 | 0.84 to < 1.36 | 1.36 to < 2.25 | ≥ 2.25 | |
| Participants | 1654 | 1653 | 1654 | 1654 | |
| Males, N | 1302 (78.72%) | 839 (50.76%) | 626 (37.85%) | 428 (25.88%) | < 0.001 |
| Age, year | 66.05 ± 8.45 | 65.67 ± 8.92 | 64.53 ± 8.82 | 63.12 ± 8.70 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.47 ± 1.72 | 21.97 ± 1.74 | 22.35 ± 1.70 | 22.73 ± 1.56 | < 0.001 |
| Current smoking | 698 (42.20%) | 471 (28.49%) | 361 (21.83%) | 312 (18.86%) | < 0.001 |
| Current drinking | 661 (39.99%) | 351 (21.23%) | 306 (18.50%) | 229 (13.85%) | < 0.001 |
| Education | 0.948 | ||||
| Less than high school | 1059 (91.29%) | 1107 (91.49%) | 1165 (91.95%) | 1258 (91.56%) | |
| At least high school | 101 (8.71%) | 103 (8.51%) | 102 (8.05%) | 116 (8.44%) | |
| Physical activitya | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mild | 581 (50.09%) | 669 (55.29%) | 726 (57.30%) | 776 (56.48%) | |
| Moderate | 279 (24.05%) | 295 (24.38%) | 276 (21.78%) | 336 (24.45%) | |
| Vigorous | 300 (25.86%) | 246 (20.33%) | 265 (20.92%) | 262 (19.07%) | |
| SBP, mmHg | 148.25 ± 18.34 | 149.21 ± 17.92 | 148.67 ± 18.07 | 148.86 ± 17.39 | 0.482 |
| DBP, mmHg | 88.42 ± 10.79 | 88.42 ± 10.44 | 88.12 ± 10.35 | 88.75 ± 10.49 | 0.396 |
| Pulse rate, bpm | 73.70 ± 14.97 | 75.31 ± 14.20 | 76.16 ± 13.76 | 78.06 ± 14.35 | < 0.001 |
| Hcy, μmol/L | 18.91 ± 11.39 | 19.02 ± 12.44 | 17.79 ± 10.79 | 16.76 ± 8.67 | < 0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.85 ± 1.23 | 5.94 ± 1.27 | 6.06 ± 1.38 | 6.43 ± 1.85 | < 0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.99 ± 1.03 | 5.10 ± 1.06 | 5.24 ± 1.12 | 5.19 ± 1.17 | < 0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 0.84 ± 0.22 | 1.20 ± 0.28 | 1.63 ± 0.39 | 2.91 ± 1.53 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.97 ± 0.46 | 1.70 ± 0.38 | 1.54 ± 0.33 | 1.30 ± 0.30 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.64 ± 0.73 | 2.91 ± 0.76 | 3.12 ± 0.81 | 3.13 ± 0.80 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.50 ± 19.71 | 88.04 ± 19.63 | 88.25 ± 19.98 | 88.35 ± 20.72 | 0.927 |
| Serum aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 27.36 ± 10.54 | 25.71 ± 10.84 | 25.47 ± 13.76 | 25.65 ± 10.16 | < 0.001 |
| Serum alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 17.53 ± 9.94 | 17.79 ± 11.84 | 18.40 ± 14.40 | 20.08 ± 13.07 | < 0.001 |
| Serum γ-glutamyltransferase, U/L | 30.62 ± 47.38 | 26.32 ± 34.81 | 29.02 ± 38.05 | 35.10 ± 50.97 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitusb | 167 (10.10%) | 200 (12.10%) | 259 (15.66%) | 417 (25.21%) | < 0.001 |
| CHD | 74 (4.47%) | 88 (5.32%) | 95 (5.74%) | 80 (4.84%) | 0.367 |
| Stroke | 93 (5.62%) | 108 (6.53%) | 127 (7.68%) | 111 (6.71%) | 0.128 |
| PAD | 47 (2.84%) | 54 (3.27%) | 66 (3.99%) | 45 (2.72%) | 0.153 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 1018 (61.55%) | 1064 (64.37%) | 1113 (67.29%) | 1092 (66.02%) | 0.004 |
| Lipoprotein-lowering drugs | 32 (1.93%) | 44 (2.66%) | 60 (3.63%) | 65 (3.93%) | 0.003 |
| Glucose-lowering drugs | 43 (2.60%) | 58 (3.51%) | 82 (4.96%) | 111 (6.71%) | < 0.001 |
BMI body mass index; SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; Hcy homocysteine; FPG fasting plasma glucose; TC total cholesterol; TG triglycerides; HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; CHD coronary heart disease
aPhysical activity was defined as mild, moderate, or vigorous according to the participant’s personal evaluation
bDiabetes mellitus was defined as self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes or FBG concentration ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or use of glucose-lowering drugs