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. 2022 May 12;9:21. doi: 10.1186/s40779-022-00382-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — IL-17 cytokines, receptors, and signaling. The IL-17 family is composed of six members, IL-17A–F, while the IL-17 receptor family is composed of five members, IL-17RA to IL-17RE (IL-17RD not shown). IL-17 signaling is activated through the binding of the IL-17 receptor complex to the adaptor protein Act1, which has been determined in IL-17C to recruit TRAF6 to drive the activation of downstream signaling pathways, MAPK, C/EBP, and NF-κB, contributing to the target gene expression as well as mediating the host defense and inflammatory response. IL-17R interleukin 17 receptor, TRAF6 tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, C/EBP CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-κB nuclear factor-kappaB, Act1 NF-κB activator 1, JNK JUN N-terminal kinase. ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase, FN fibronectin, AP1 activator protein-1