Table 1.

General characteristics of participants (n = 17,408).

	Control (n = 16,445)		CKD (n = 963)		p
	n (or MEAN)	% (or STD)	n (or MEAN)	% (or STD)
SEX					<0.0001
Male	7078	43.04	515	53.48
Female	9367	56.96	448	46.52
Age	50.42	16.47	66.17	15.27	<0.0001
BMI	23.91	3.54	24.8	3.69	<0.0001
Education					<0.0001
Completion of middle school	4786	29.14	552	57.44
Higher than high school	11,640	70.86	409	42.56
Smoking status					<0.0001
No	9984	60.85	507	53.03
Yes	6424	39.15	449	46.97
Drinking status					<0.0001
No	1721	10.49	209	21.84
Yes	14,692	89.51	748	78.16
Physical activity					<0.0001
<2 days/week	15,076	91.69	935	97.19
≥2 days/week	1366	8.31	27	2.81
Diabetes					<0.0001
No	15,090	91.76	640	66.46
Yes	1355	8.24	323	33.54
Hypertension					<0.0001
No	12,789	77.77	349	36.24
Yes	3656	22.23	614	63.76
Sleep onset time					<0.0001
Early bedtime	1886	11.58	248	25.81
Mid bedtime	13,044	80.11	660	68.68
Late bedtime	1352	8.30	53	5.52
Sleep duration					<0.0001
<6 h/day	2345	14.26	120	12.46
6–<8 h/day	9169	55.76	475	49.33
≥8 h/day	4931	29.98	368	38.21
SBP	118.32	16.44	128.3	18.64	<0.0001
DBP	75.46	10.02	73.98	12.65	0.004
Cr	0.79	0.16	1.23	0.81	<0.0001
FBG	100.47	23.12	115.44	38.61	<0.0001
TG	134.53	110.24	159.96	126.96	<0.0001

The data are shown as n (%) for categorical variables or mean for continuous variables, and p-values were calculated using the chi-squared test or Student’s t-test. CKD, chronic kidney disease; n, number; STD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Cr, creatinine; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TG, triglyceride.