. 2022 Apr 21;19(9):5061. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095061

Table 2.

Characteristics of the study participants at baseline and follow-up according to BMI and metabolic syndrome (MetS) groups (MHNW vs. MHO or MUO).

Baseline Variables	MHNW 2005 and 2015; n = 345	MHO 2005 and 2015; n = 86	MUO 2005 And 2015; n = 145	MHO 2005 to MUO 2015; n = 91	p
Male/female ratio	182/170 (52%/48%)	14/72 (16%/84%)	13/132 (9%/91%)	13/78 (14%/86%)
Age (years)	47.5 (42.1, 54.6) ^a	47.9 (42.4, 54.4) ^a	52.9 (45.6, 58.1) ^b	47.4 (40.6, 53.7) ^a	0.027
Body mass index (kg/m²)	19.5 (18.0, 21.7) ^a	33.0 (26.4, 34.1) ^b	32.5 (28.6, 37.1) ^b	30.0 (27.0, 32.6) ^b	<0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)	70.8 (66.2, 74.9) ^a	85.4 (78.9, 91.9) ^b	94.6 (88.6, 101.4) ^c	89.4 (83.3, 97.8) ^b	<0.0001
Alcohol intake (g)	2.78 (0, 22.9) ^a	0 (0, 0.97) ^b	0 (0, 6.12) ^a	0 (0, 0) ^b	<0.0001
HIV status	48 (13.6%)	6 (7.0%)	6 (4.1%)	4 (4.4%)	0.01
Smoking	212 (60.2%)	87 (38.4%)	61 (42.1%)	30 (33.0%)	<0.0001
Variables after 10 years
Variable	MHNW 2005 and 2015; n = 345	MHO 2005 and 2015; n = 86	MUO 2005 and 2015; n = 145	MHO 2005 to MUO 2015; n = 91	p
Body mass index (kg/m²)	19.8 (18.0, 22.1) ^a	32.7 (28.2, 35.6) ^b	33.1 (29.1, 37.6) ^b	32.0 (29.2, 35.8) ^b	<0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)	75.2 (70.0, 80.0) ^a	97.7 (91.6, 103.0) ^b	102.5 (97.3, 110.6) ^c	101.0 (94.4, 110.0) ^c	<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	127 (112, 147) ^a	121 (107, 140) ^b	133 (122, 147) ^c	133 (122, 150) ^c	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	82 (74, 94) ^a	80 (72, 91) ^a	86 (78, 95) ^b	91 (83, 96) ^c	<0.0001
Glycosylated haemoglobin (%)	5.50 (5.2, 5.7) ^a	5.70 (5.5, 6.0) ^a	6.0 (5.7, 6.7) ^b	6.20 (5.7, 6.9) ^c	<0.0001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.29 (3.64, 5.04) ^a	4.68 (4.05, 5.50) ^b	4.93 (4.22, 5.60) ^c	4.53 (3.85, 5.48) ^a,b	<0.0001
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.52 (1.20, 1.84) ^a	1.42 (1.11, 1.68) ^b	1.02 (0.81, 1.18) ^c	1.07 (0.93, 1.20) ^c	<0.0001
Serum triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.93 (0.71, 1.17) ^a	1.04 (0.86, 1.29) ^a	1.46 (1.1, 2.14) ^b	1.28 (0.95, 2.04) ^c	<0.0001
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	4.85 (4.46, 5.26) ^a	4.98 (4.70, 5.28) ^a	5.76 (5.08, 6.89) ^b	5.39 (4.94, 6.06) ^c	<0.0001
Fasting plasma insulin (mU/mL)	5.35 (3.10, 10.3) ^a	7.34 (4.8, 10.5) ^a,b	9.91 (6.07, 17.2) ^c	10.2 (6.06, 15.0) ^b,c	<0.0001
HOMA-Insulin resistance	1.16 (0.66, 2.2) ^a	1.55 (1.03, 2.19) ^b	2.85 (1.46, 4.92) ^b,c	2.34 (1.29, 3.74) ^b	<0.0001
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	2.2 (0.92, 5.52) ^a	6.21 (2.35, 9.87) ^b	5.67 (2.91, 9.74) ^b	4.89 (2.23, 9.62) ^b	<0.0001
Total fibrinogen (g/L)	3.52 (3.11, 4.12) ^a	4.14 (3.65, 4.51) ^b	4.09 (3.52, 4.60) ^b	4.06 (3.66, 4.57) ^b	<0.0001
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1_act (IU/mL)	0.85 (0.00, 4.39) ^a	2.76 (0.00, 6.19) ^b	6.34 (1.17, 12.3) ^c	4.30 (0.74, 12.1) ^c	<0.0001
HIV status	89 (23.3%)	32 (14.0%)	2 (8.0%)	4 (4.9%)	0.001
Smoking	189 (51.8%)	57 (25.8%)	7 (28.0%)	16 (21.6%)	<0.0001

MHNW = Normal BMI, no MetS; MUNW = Normal BMI with MetS; MHO = metabolically healthy overweight/obesity; MUO = metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity; ^a,b,c different superscripts indicate significant differences between variables of the four groups.