Table 1.
Results of clinical trials and randomized controlled trials conducted over the past 7 years involving patients with epilepsy to determine the efficacy and tolerability of the ketogenic diet.
| Author (Year) |
Intervention Period | Diet | Group | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kvernelnad et al. [158] (2015) | 12 weeks | MAD | 13 adults | >50% reduction of seizure frequency in 31% (4/13) adults |
| IJff et al. [159] (2016) | 4 months | KD | 28 (20 on MCT); 22 CAU a | Cognitive activation, less anxiety and mood problems, increased productivity were observed in patients treated with the KD |
| Kim et al. [160] (2016) | 6 months | KD | 51 | 39% (20/51) KD patients had >50% seizure reduction, 31% (16/51) of them were seizure-free |
| MAD | 53 | 36% (19/53) had >50% reduction in seizures, 23% (12/53) were seizure free | ||
| Sharma et al. [161] (2016) | 3 months | MAD | 41 on MAD, 40 controls | 56.1% (23/41) of the children on the diet had >50% seizure reduction, 14.6% (6/41) were seizure free compared to 5% (2/40) controls; 19.5% (8/41) had >90% seizure reduction |
| Ashrafi et al. [162] (2017) | 4 months | KD (formula-based powder) |
22 | 27.3% (6/22) had >90% reduction in seizures and 40.9% (9/22) had 50–90% reduction in seizures |
| Lambrechts et al. [163] (2017) | 4 months | KD | 26 KD | >50% reduction in seizure frequency in 50% (13/26) of KD, 11.5% (3/26) had >90% seizure reduction and another 11.5% (3/26) were seizure free |
| 22 CAU a | 18.2% (4/22) were responders; 9.1% (2/22) were seizure free and 4.5% (1/22) had >90% seizure reduction. | |||
| Baby et al. [164] (2018) | 3 months | KD | 54 | 59.4% (44/74) reported >50% seizure reduction. More than 90% reduction was noted in 33.7% children (25/74). 8.1% (6/74) became seizure free |
| 6 months | 45 | |||
| 12 months | 30 | |||
| Kverneland et al. [165] (2018) | 12 weeks | MAD | 24 on diet, 32 control group (habitual diet); adults | >25% seizure reduction among those who completed the intervention |
| Guzel et al. [166] (2019) | 1 month | KD | 369 | 65.8% (243/369) of the patients observed >50% decrease in seizure frequency; 35.5% (131/369) were seizure-free |
| 3 months | 314 | 74.7% (235/314), of the patients observed >50% decrease in seizure frequency; 39.8% (125/314) were seizure-free | ||
| 6 months | 225 | 70.6% (159/225) of the patients observed >50% decrease in seizure frequency; 38.2% (86/225) were seizure-free | ||
| 12 months | 160 | 83.1% (133/160) of the patients observed >50% decrease in seizure frequency; 43.1% (69/160) were seizure-free | ||
| Bjurulf et al. [167] (2020) | 7 months | KD with potassium citrate | 22 | >50% reduction in seizure frequency in 40.9% (9/22) patients supplementing potassium citrate and 27.6% (8/29) participants without potassium citrate |
| KD without potassium citrate | 29 | |||
| Gupta et al. [168] (2021) | 12 weeks | LGIT | 30 | >50% reduction in seizure frequency in 73.3% (22/30) LGIT patients |
| MAD | 30 | >50% reduction in seizure frequency in 43.4% (13/30) MAD patients | ||
| Lakshminarayanan et al. [169] (2021) | 3 months | LGIT | 20 on diet, 20 control group | 30% (6/20) patients observed >50% reduction in seizure frequency |
| Poorshiri et al. [170] (2021) | 6 months | KD | 24 | 45.8% patients from KD group observed >50% decrease in seizure frequency |
| MAD | 11 | 45.5% from MAD group observed >50% decrease in seizure frequency |
a CAU: care as usual.