Table 1.
Myokines involved in organ cross-talk and regulation of metabolism.
| Myokines | Organ Cross-Talk | Role in Energy Metabolism |
|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin | Adipose tissue, Pancreas | ↑ Glucose metabolism [170,171] |
| Apelin | Heart, Pancreas | ↑Insulin sensitivity [172] ↑Glucose uptake [173,174] ↑ β-oxidation [175] |
| BAIBA | Fat, Liver, Bone | ↑ Mitochondrial metabolism [81,83] ↑ Insulin sensitivity [82] |
| CX3CL1/Fractaline | Pancreas | ↑ Fatty acid oxidation [176] |
| FGF21 | Adipose tissue, Liver | ↑ Insulin sensitivity [59,177] ↑ Lipolysis [178,179] ↑ Oxidative capacities [180] ↓ Triglycerides l [181,182] |
| IL-15 | Adipose tissue, Bone | ↑ Glucose uptake [183] ↑ Fatty acid oxidation [115] ↑ Mitochondrial function [183] ↓Oxidative stress and lipid accumulation [183] |
| IL-6 | Liver, Adipose tissue, Pancreas, Bone | ↑ Insulin sensitivity [184] ↑ Glucose uptake [18,184,185] ↑ Fatty acid oxidation [186] ↑ Glycogen synthesis [186] |
| IL-10 | Adipose tissue | ↑ Glucose metabolism [187,188] |
| Irisin | Adipose tissue, Brain, Bone, Heart, Blood, Kidney | ↑Glucose uptake [64,189] ↑ β-oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis [63,189] |
| METRNL | Adipose tissue | ↑ Glucose metabolism [190,191] |
| Musclin (osteocrin) | Heart, Bone, Brain | ↓Decrease glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity |
| Myonectin | Heart, Liver, Adipocytes | ↑ Glucose uptake [120] ↑ β-oxidation [123,192] |
| Myostatin | Adipose tissue, Liver, Bone, Muscle | ↓Decrease glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity [193,194,195] |
| Osteoglycin | Muscle, Bone | ↑ Glucose metabolism [196] ↑ Fatty acid oxidation [197] |
| SPARC | Adipose tissue, Muscle | ↑ Glucose tolerance [76] inhibits adipogenesis [198] |