Table 2.

Structure of interventions in prehabilitation programs for esophagogastric cancer surgery.

Author; Year	Prehabilitation Group			Control Group
	Type of Prehabilitation (Unimodal vs. Multimodal)	Timing of Prehabilitation	Interventions Used for Prehabilitation
Allen et al. [21]; 2021	Multimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated for 15 preoperative weeks.	Exercise intervention: supervised aerobic, resistance, and flexibility training twice a week and home-based exercise training three times per week; Nutritional intervention: needs-based nutritional interventions with frequent, tailored dietetic input from specialist dieticians, increasing calorie and protein intake where appropriate depending on assessments and physical activity levels; Psychological intervention: six sessions of medical coaching, which included discussion of health status, strength recognition, resilience profiling and development, social and support systems, emotional management, and goal setting.	Standard of care
Minnella et al. [17]; 2018	Multimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated before the initial surgery or at the time of neoadjuvant therapy.	Exercise intervention: individualized, home-based exercise training program including aerobic and strengthening exercise; Nutritional intervention: metabolic requirement was adjusted to meet the increased nutritional demand. Food-based dietary advice was given, and a whey protein supplement was prescribed to guarantee a daily protein intake.	Standard of care
Valkenet et al. [18]; 2018	Unimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated for 2 weeks or longer. When neoadjuvant therapy was administered, prehabilitation started afterward.	Exercise intervention: inspiratory muscle training.	Standard of care
van Adrichem et al. [19]; 2014	Unimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated for 3 weeks. When neoadjuvant therapy was administered, prehabilitation started afterward.	Exercise intervention: high-intensity inspiratory muscle training.	Exercise intervention: endurance inspiratory muscle training
Xu et al. [24]; 2015	Multimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated for 4–5 weeks during the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.	Exercise intervention: nurse-supervised walking; Nutritional intervention: nutritional advice.	Standard of care
Yamana et al. [20]; 2015	Unimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated for ≥7 days before the surgery.	Exercise intervention: respiratory muscle training; muscle strengthening exercises for the lower limbs and abdominal muscles; biking on an ergometer.	Standard of care
Christensen et al. [25]; 2018	Unimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated at the time of neoadjuvant treatment.	Exercise intervention: supervised high-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise.	Standard of care
Dettling et al. [26]; 2013	Unimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated for 2 weeks or longer.	Exercise intervention: inspiratory muscle training.	Standard of care
Argudo et al. [21]; 2020	Multimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for 5 weeks.	Exercise intervention: high-intensity interval training on the ergometric bicycle; respiratory muscle training using a respiratory muscle trainer. Nutritional intervention: individualized nutritional therapy based on nutritional status and ability to fulfill caloric-protein requirements.	N/A
Piraux et al. [22]; 2020	Unimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated for 2–4 weeks before the surgery.	Exercise intervention: aerobic, resistance, and respiratory muscle training using an online tele-prehabilitation platform.	N/A
Yamamoto et al. [23]; 2016	Multimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated for 3 weeks, although the actual duration differed depending on the surgery date.	Exercise intervention: handgrip training, walking, and resistance training; Nutritional intervention: nutritional advice and 2.4 g daily oral supplementation with leucine metabolite b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate (HMB).	N/A
Cho et al. [27]; 2014	Unimodal	Prehabilitation was initiated for 4 weeks.	Exercise intervention: aerobic exercise, resistance training, and stretching.	Standard of care

CRT: chemoradiotherapy; N/A: not applicable.