Table 3.

Outcomes of included studies evaluating prehabilitation for esophagogastric cancer surgery.

Author; Year	Prehabilitation Impact on Physical Status	Prehabilitation Impact on Postoperative Outcomes	Other Effects of Prehabilitation
Allen et al. [21]; 2021	Prehabilitation attenuated peak VO2 decrease and skeletal muscle loss following neoadjuvant therapy. Additionally, HGS was better retained in the prehabilitation group, and patients in this group were more physically active by higher weekly step count.	Prehabilitation had no impact on the number and severity of complications, length of hospital stay, 30-day readmission rates, and 3-year cancer-related mortality.	Prehabilitation improved QoL by global health status after 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. Additionally, prehabilitation resulted in better BAI and DBI II scores preoperatively and 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. A higher proportion of patients in the prehabilitation group received neoadjuvant chemotherapy at full dose.
Minnella et al. [17]; 2018	Prehabilitation improved functional capacity before and after surgery by increasing 6MWD.	Prehabilitation had no impact on the number and severity of complications, length of hospital stay, emergency department visits, and readmission rates.	N/A
Valkenet et al. [18]; 2018	Prehabilitation resulted in a higher increase in inspiratory muscle strength and endurance.	Prehabilitation did not affect postoperative pneumonia and other postoperative complication rates.	Prehabilitation did not affect the quality of life, fatigue, and physical activity levels.
van Adrichem et al. [19]; 2014	The increase in maximal inspiratory pressure was similar between the groups which received preoperative inspiratory muscle training.	The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications, length of stay, and the number of reintubations were lower in the high-intensity inspiratory muscle training group.	N/A
Xu et al. [24]; 2015	Prehabilitation ameliorated decline in 6MWD and hand-grip strength.	N/A	Prehabilitation ameliorated weight and lean muscle mass loss. Additionally, patients in the prehabilitation group had a significantly lower need for intravenous nutritional support and wheelchair use.
Yamana et al. [20]; 2015	Prehabilitation did not affect respiratory function representing parameters (FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, and PEF).	Prehabilitation ameliorated the severity of postoperative complications (by lower Clavien–Dindo score) and postoperative pneumonia (by lower Utrecht Pneumonia Scoring System score).	N/A
Christensen et al. [25]; 2018	Prehabilitation resulted in improved fitness and muscle strength.	Prehabilitation did not affect the postoperative complication rate.	Prehabilitation resulted in improved quality of life by FACT-E score.
Dettling et al. [26]; 2013	Prehabilitation increased inspiratory muscle strength and endurance.	Prehabilitation did not affect postoperative pneumonia and other complication rates.	N/A
Argudo et al. [21]; 2020	Prehabilitation improved exercise capacity in terms of VO2 peak and workload and distance improvement in the 6MWD and inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength.	N/A	Prehabilitation resulted in the improvement of some domains of health-related quality of life (social and role functions).
Piraux et al. [22]; 2020	N/A	N/A	Prehabilitation improved fatigue, quality of life, physical well-being, emotional well-being, and anxiety.
Yamamoto et al. [23]; 2016	Prehabilitation significantly increased handgrip strength.	N/A	Prehabilitation improved nutritional uptake by increasing calorie and protein intake.
Cho et al. [27]; 2014	N/A	Prehabilitation decreased hospital stay and the number of severe postoperative complications (anastomotic leakage, pancreatic fistula, intra-abdominal abscess, and other severe abdominal complications).	Prehabilitation significantly decreased BMI, bodyweight, abdominal circumference, and visceral fat.

6MWD: six minute walking distance; N/A: not applicable; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FEV1%: forced expiratory volume in the first second predicted; PEF: peak expiratory flow.