Table 5.

Alginate-based scaffolds: fabrication method, materials combined with alginate, pore size/shape, porosity, regenerative field, year, and reference.

Scaffold Fabrication Method	Materials Combined with Alginate	Pore Size/Shape	Porosity	Regenerative Field	Year	Ref.
Freeze-drying method	None	200–300 µm	90%	Tissue regeneration	2002	[433]
	Hydroxyapatite	150 µm	>82%	Bone	2004	[403]
	Chitosan	200 µm	84–88%	Cartilage	2008	[65]
	Sulfate	120 ± 30 µm	>90%	Vascularization	2009	[445]
	Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium phosphate	100–200 µm	89.24%	Bone	2009	[437]
	RGD	88 µm	>90%	Cartilage	2010	[434]
	RGD	50–100 µm	>90%	Cardiac tissue engineering	2011	[435]
	Curcumin, chitosan and collagen	50–250 µm	-	Diabetic wound healing	2016	[436]
	Collagen	200–700 µm	65–90%	Stem cell culture	2018	[417]
	PCL:gelatin electrospun mat, and kartogenin-PLGA nanoparticles	78.6 µm	92.4%	Tissue engineering	2021	[443]
3D printing/Bioprinting	MBG	300–420 µm	49–70%	Bone	2012	[429]
	PCL	388–499 µm	-	Bone	2012	[422]
	Calcium phosphate	200–900 µm	48–75%	Osteochondral regeneration	2013	[430]
	β-TCP	551–875 µm	23–52%	Bone tissue engineering	2014	[446]
	Tricalcium phosphate (TCP)	-	>80%	Bone	2016	[447]
	Gelatin	-	40–75%	Tissue regeneration	2016	[448]
	BFP1	-	-	Bone regeneration	2017	[449]
	Graphene oxide	-	-	Chondroinductive	2020	[431]
	Gelatin	<500 µm	60–70%	Bone regeneration	2021	[450]
	Polyethylene glycol	291.4 μm	-	Delivery of insulin	2022	[451]
Electrospinning	PEO	-	-	Tissue regeneration	2010	[408]
	Chitosan and PEO	-	-	Tissue regeneration	2011	[409]
	Gelatin	-	-	Corneal tissue engineering	2013	[406]
	PCL and ethanol treatment	-	-	Tissue regeneration	2013	[228]
	PCL	821 ± 55 µm	92%	Bone	2014	[410]
	Magnesium oxide	2–50 µm	Low	Tissue regeneration	2017	[411]
Porogen leaching	Poly(D, L-lactic acid)	450–900 µm	84.24–90.75%	Bone	2008	[452]
	Gelatin	204 ± 58 µm	97.26 ± 0.18%	Cell culture for regeneration	2015	[13]
	Collagen	700 µm	-	Cell cultures	2018	[417]
	Gelatin/PVA	104.5 ± 15.9 µm	74.5 ± 15.9%	Meniscus fibrocartilage	2018	[453]
	Vaterite/Crystals	10–500 µm	-	Tissue regeneration	2019	[454]
Four-step process: preparation, cross-linking, freezing and lyophilization	-	50–200 µm	>90%	Vascularization and generation of embryos	2004	[455]
	Chitosan	100–300 µm	-	Cartilage	2005	[438]
Solution and crosslinking	Fibroblast growth factor	100–500 µm	>90%	Vascularization	2003	[402]
Thermally induced phase separation and subsequent sublimation of the solvent	Chitosan	100–300 µm	91.94 ± 0.9%	Bone	2005	[439]
Co-precipitation	HAp/chitosan	50–100 µm	79–85%	Bone and other tissues	2008	[440]
Sol–gel synthesis Surfactant foaming	Bioactive glass/polyvinyl alcohol	200–500 µm	-	Trabecular bone	2009	[456]
Homogenizing interpolyelectrolyte complex method	Chitosan on PEC gel	100 µm	-	Release of growth factor for tissue regeneration	2009	[457]
Lyophilization	Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite	80–200 µm	>70%	Tissue regeneration	2010	[415]
Core/shell nozzle of a cryogenic co-extrusion process	Collagen	100–200 µm	>90%	Skin tissue regeneration	2011	[441]
Modified Solid-Freeform	Cells (MC3T3-E1)	300 µm	-	Tissue regeneration in general	2012	[458]
Three monitorized precision linear stages	Chitosan	-	66%	-	2014	[459]
Binary polymer system	Felodipine Fibroin	-	49–62%	Silk fibroin	2020	[460]
Solvent casting technique	TiO2/Chitosan	None	-	Bone regeneration	2020	[461]
3D Printing (FDM)/freeze-drying/coating	PLA and hydroxyapatite	Circle	44–36%	Bone regeneration	2021	[442]
3D printing and impregnating techniques	Chitosan/alginate/hydroxyapatite	2–3 mm	-	Cartilage regeneration	2022	[444]