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. 2022 Apr 22;14(9):2089. doi: 10.3390/cancers14092089

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Alterations induced in the bone marrow microenvironment by B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). B-ALL-associated microenvironment populations support the growth and survival of B-ALL cells and also provide chemoprotection from current frontline therapies. Pro-angiogenic factors include basic fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α). Pro-inflammatory cytokines include TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, interleukin-12, interferon-γ and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Trans-endothelial migration (TEM) promoting factors include cortactin, mDia1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Abbreviations: receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL); C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12); matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9); osteopontin (OPN); granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF); interleukin-7 (IL-7); bone morphogenic protein (BMP4); very late antigen-4 (VLA-4); annexin II (ANX2); growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6); vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); mesenchymal stem cell (MSC); mesenchymal stem and progenitor cell (MSPC).