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. 2022 Apr 29;13:855074. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855074

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Copyright © 2022 Hipólito and van Es.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A Markov blanket delineates the conditionally independent internal (μ) and external states (η) (the arrows represent conditional dependencies between random variables). Considering that there is no arrow between μ and η, these states are conditionally independent, being indirectly influenced by blanket states (b) comprising active (a) and sensory (s) states. Given its scale-free, this formalism can be applied to explain the influential flows and dynamics of any open system at any scale.