Table 2.
Impacts of cold exposure, exercise interventions, dietary composition, and pharmacological compounds on BAT and WAT metabolism in humans.
| Cold Exposure | ||||
| Duration and Temperature | Health Status | BAT | WAT | Reference |
| 10 days (16–17 °C) | T2DM | no activity | N/A | [198] |
| 10 days (14–15 °C) | T2DM | minor activity; increased GU | N/A | [197] |
| 5–8 h | healthy | activated (increased GU) | N/A | [189] |
| 1 month (19 °C–10 h/day) | healthy | activated (PET/CT) | N/A | [215] |
| acute cold exposure (time 120–300 min) | healthy, T2DM | increased oxidative metabolism and radiodensity | N/A | [216] |
| 4 wks (10 °C 2 h daily–5 d/wk) | healthy | increased GU, 45% increase in volume of activity | N/A | [217] |
| 6 wks (17 °C 2 h/day) | healthy | Increased activity | N/A | [218] |
| 2 h | Athletes vs. sedentary | Lower in athletes | No changes | [147] |
| 10 days (15–16°C 6 h/day) | healthy | Increased activity | No changes (UCP1) | [192] |
| 10 days (30 min/day–local application) | lean and obese | N/A | Increased UCP1 and TMEM26 abundance | [203] |
| Exercise Training | ||||
| Training Protocol | Health Status | BAT | WAT | Reference |
| 3 days/wk for 12 wks (bicycle, intensity 70–80% HRmax) | non-diabetic (normal weight to obese) | N/A | increased gene expression (UCP1, TBX1, CPT1B), positive P2rx5 staining | [150] |
| 6 sessions over 2 wks (high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) | healthy | decreased insulin-stimulated GU | N/A | [219] |
| Diet | ||||
| Diet Composition | Health Status | BAT | WAT | Reference |
| capsinoids (6 wks daily) | healthy | N/A | N/A | [218] |
| capsinoid (12 wks–6 mg/d) | mildly obese | N/A | N/A | [220] |
| Pharmacological Compounds | ||||
| Compound | Health Status | BAT | WAT | Reference |
| Mirabegron (Myrbetriq) | healthy | Increased activity | Increased adiponectin secretion | [205] |
| Mirabegron (Myrbetriq) | lean and obese | N/A | Increased UCP1, TMEM26, and CIDEA abundance | [203] |