Table 2.
Summary of insects’ meal and their impacts on fish intestinal microbiota community.
| Protein Ingredient | Animal Model and Size | Inclusion Level (%) | Trial Duration | Biological Effects | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microbiota | Relevant Performance, Physiological, and Feed Utilization Output | |||||
| Insects’ Meal | ||||||
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) 49 g |
60 | 8 weeks | ↑ Diversity in mucosa-associated community, Bacillaceae family, Bacillus, Actinomyces ↓ Digesta-associated community |
↔ SGR | [115] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) 1400 g |
15 | 16 weeks | ↑ Diversity and richness, Brevinema andersonii, Spirichaetaceae | ↔ SGR | [115] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 3 g |
18 | 7 weeks | ↑ Diversity (Shannon and Simpson index), Psychrobacter ↓ Vibrio |
↔ FBW, SGR | [102] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 19 g |
15 | 93 days | ↔ Diversity and richness ↓ Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, Weeksellaceae, and Prevotellaceae ↑ Paracoccus |
↑ FBW ↓ FCR |
[87] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 6 g |
30 | 12 weeks | ↔ Diversity and richness ↑ Anaerococcus, Cutibacterium, Pseudomonas, and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio |
↔ FBW, FCR, K | [124] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 30 g |
30 | 12 weeks | ↔ Diversity and richness ↑ Staphylococcus, Hafnia, and Aeromonas |
↔ FBW, FCR, K | [124] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) 640 g |
15 | 60 days | ↑ Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus Overall positive and strong modulation |
↔ FBW, SGR, FCR ↓ Mucosa thickness |
[116] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) 18 g |
10, 20, 30 | 9 weeks | ↔ Diversity and community composition | ↑ Gut histomorphology alterations | [114] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 178 g |
20, 40 | 78 days | ↑ Diversity, structure, and composition (mainly in IL20) ↑ Digesta associated LAB |
↔ WG, FCR | [122] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 200 g |
30 | 5 weeks | ↑ Diversity (Shannon index), richness (Chao index), LAB, Corynebacterium, Bacillaceae ↓ Proteobacteria:Firmicutes ratio |
↔ WG, FI | [117] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 53 g |
20 | 71 days | ↑ LAB (mainly Lactobacillus and Enterococcus) | ↔ SGR, FCR, villus height, mucosa thickness | [121] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 66 g |
10, 20, 30 | 12 weeks | ↔ Richness ↑ Diversity (Shannon and Simpson) in IL20, Mycoplasma ↓ Aeromonas and Citrobacter |
↔ FBW, SGR | [119] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 66 g |
10, 20, 30 | 12 weeks | ↑ Diversity (Shannon and Simpson), richness (Chao1), Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, LAB (mainly Leuconostocaceae and Lactobacillaceae), and Actinobacteria (Actinomyces, Corynebacterium) | ↔ FBW, SGR, FCR | [118] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 54 g |
8, 23, 45 in PP-based diet | 12 weeks | ↔ Firmicutes:Proteobacteria ratio ↑ Diversity and richness than PP diet (restored) in IL23 and IL45, Actinomyces, Bacillus, Dorea, Enterococcus, Mycoplasma |
↑ Growth performance, mainly in IL8 combined with poultry meal ↔ Gut barrier integrity |
[123] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 100 g |
15 | 131 days | ↑ Richness, Firmicutes (mainly Bacillus), Lactobacillus, and Bacillus ↓ Proteobacteria, Aeromonas genus |
↔ FBW, SGR | [120] |
| Housefly (Musca domestica) |
European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 6 g |
30 | 12 weeks | ↔ Diversity and richness ↑ Anaerococcus, Cutibacterium, and Pseudomonas |
↔ FBW, FCR, K | [124] |
| Housefly (Musca domestica) |
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 30 g |
30 | 12 weeks | ↔ Diversity ↓ Richness ↑ Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio |
↔ FBW, FCR, K | [124] |
| Indian house cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 53 g |
20 | 71 days | ↑ LAB (mainly Lactobacillus and Enterococcus) | ↑ FCR ↓ SGR, villus height, mucosa thickness |
[121] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) |
European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 5 g |
50 | 70 days | ↔ Diversity | ↔ FBW | [113] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) | European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 6 g |
30 | 12 weeks | ↔ Diversity and richness ↑ Anaerococcus, Cutibacterium, Pseudomonas, and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio |
↔ FBW, FCR, K | [124] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) |
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 105 g |
50 | 163 days | ↑ Proteobacteria:Firmicutes ratio ↓ Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio |
↔ FBW | [113] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) | Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 30 g |
30 | 12 weeks | ↔ Diversity and richness ↑ Staphylococcus, Hafnia, and Aeromonas |
↔ FBW, FCR ↑ K |
[124] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 115 g |
50 | 90 days | ↑ Diversity (Simpson index) | ↔ FBW | [113] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 53 g |
20 | 71 days | ↑ LAB (mainly Lactobacillus and Enterococcus) | ↔ SGR, FCR, mucosa thickness ↓ Villus height |
[121] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 80 g |
20 (full replacement) | 22 weeks | ↔ Microbial structure | ↔ WG | [125] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) |
Sea trout (Salmo trutta) 5 g |
10 | 8 weeks | ↓ Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium | ↔ FBW, SGR, FCR | [112] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) |
Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) 640 g |
15 | 60 days | ↑ Probiotic bacteria (not Lactobacillus) |
↔ FBW, SGR, FCR ↑ Thickness of muscular layer |
[116] |
| Superworm (Zophobas morio) |
Sea trout (Salmo trutta) 5 g |
10 | 8 weeks | ↓ Aeromonas, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and Carnobacterium | ↔ FBW, SGR, FCR | [112] |
| Turkestan cockroach (Blatta lateralis) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 53 g |
20 | 71 days | ↑ LAB (mainly Lactobacillus and Enterococcus), Clostridia coccoides | ↔ SGR, FCR ↑ Villus height, mucosa thickness |
[121] |
↔ Without differing from control; ↓ significantly lower than the control; ↑ significantly higher than the control; FBW = final body weight; FCR = feed conversion ratio; FI = feed intake; IL = inclusion level; K = condition factor; LAB = lactic acid bacteria; PP = plant protein-based diets; SGR = specific growth rate; WG = weight gain.