Table 3.
Summary of ingredients and their impacts on the growth performance and stress biomarkers of fish.
| Ingredient | Model Species | Inclusion Level (%) | Trial Duration | Stress | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stress Type | Main Observations | |||||
| Algae | ||||||
| Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) |
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 169 g |
5 | 30 days | Air exposure (60 s) |
↔ CORT ↓ GLU (after stress); LACT; SOD; coxiv; prdx3; ucp1 (before stress) ↑ IgM; CAT |
[187] |
| Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) (raw or enzyme processed) |
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 9 g |
7, 14, 28 | 8 weeks | Transport (3 h) |
↔ WG, FCR in raw IL7, IL14, and in enzyme processed IL7 and IL14 ↑ FCR in raw in IL28 ↓ WG in raw in IL28; CORT in all |
[190] |
| Gracilaria vermiculophylla | Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 104 g |
5 | 34 days | Acute hypoxia (24 h; 1.3 mg O2/L) |
↔ FBW; FCR; WG ↑ CORT in hypoxia; SR after hypoxia; CORT in recovery ↓ CORT in normoxia; CAT in hypoxia; GPx in hypoxia; LPO in recovery |
[194] |
| Gracilaria sp. ethanolic extract waste and agar waste biomass | Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 9 g |
5 | 59 days | Crowding (100 kg/m3 for 1 h) |
↔ SGR; FCR; CORT; GLU; LACT; LPO; GPx; GR; GST; GSH; LYZ; PRX ↑ AC50 (compared with non-supplemented) |
[195] |
| Pterocladia capillacea | European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 0.14 g |
5, 10, 15 | 8 weeks | Air exposure (5 min) |
↑ FBW in IL5; SR in IL10 and IL15; FCR in IL15; ↑ SR after stress in IL5 and IL10 ↓ FBW in IL10 and IL15 | [196] |
| Sargassum aquifolium | Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 14 g |
5, 10, 15, 20 | 56 days | High stocking density (20 g/L) |
↔ FBW in IL15 and IL20 ↑ FBW in IL5 and IL10; SOD in IL10, IL15, and IL20; WG, RGR, TP, LIP, C3, LYZ, IgM, IgA, GSH, CAT, cat, gst, il-10 in all ↓ FCR at IL5 and IL10; ALT, AST in all |
[192] |
|
Tetraselmis sp. CTP4 (defatted) |
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 6 g |
10 | 61 days | Acute confinement (15 min) |
↔ FBW; FCR ↓ CORT after stress |
[191] |
| Ulva lactuca | Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 104 g |
5 | 34 days | Acute hypoxia (24 h; 1.3 mg O2/L) |
↔ FBW; FCR; WG; CORT in normoxia ↑ LACT in hypoxia; CORT in hypoxia; SR after hypoxia; CORT in recovery ↓ LPO in recovery |
[194] |
| Ulva lactuca | European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) 0.23 g |
5, 10, 15 | 8 weeks | Air exposure (5 min) |
↑ FBW in IL5; WG in IL5 and IL10; SR in IL5; FCR in IL15 ↓ FCR in IL5; SR in IL15; SR after stress in IL10 and IL15 |
[196] |
| Hydrolysates | ||||||
| Milkfish offal unprocessed (MO) or in hydrolysate (MOH) |
Brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) 2.8 g |
5, 15, 25 | 8 weeks | Chasing (5 min) and agitation in tank | ↔ CORT, GLU in all ↑ FCE in MOH IL15 and IL25; WG in all MOH; FBW in all |
[197] |
| Yeasts | ||||||
| Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 169 g |
5 | 30 days | Air exposure (60 s) |
↔ CORT; GLU ↓ prdx3, csf-1, ucp1 (before stress); LACT, SOD, coxiv (after stress) |
[187] |
| Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 21 g |
3, 5, 7 | 84 days | Gradual and acute heat (↔ 40 °C) Hypoxia for 24 h (↔ 0 mg/L) |
↑ FBW, SGR, PER in all; SR to acute stress in all; SR to hypoxia in IL7 ↓ FCR in all |
[185] |
| Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 849 g |
32 | 4 weeks | Confinement by netting (1 min) |
↔ FAA levels (after stress) ↑ Met; SAR (before stress) |
[189] |
| Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 129 g |
21.4 | 6 weeks | Thermal stress (11 > 18 °C) |
↑ FCR ↓ SGR; WG; cld6; tnfα; il-8 (in PI after stress w/yeast) |
[186] |
| Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Sunshine bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) 4.4 g |
27, 41, 50 | 9 weeks | Net chasing (2 min) |
↔ CORT, GLU, LYZ, OSM in all ↑ FCR in IL50 ↓ SGR in IL50; FBW, WG in all; SR w/ increasing IL |
[188] |
| Yeasts blend (Wickerhamamyces anomalus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a 70:30 ratio) | Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 849 g |
35 | 4 weeks | Confinement by netting (1 min) |
↔ FAA levels (after stress) ↑ Met; SAR (before stress) |
[189] |
↔ Without differing from control; ↓ significantly lower than the control; ↑ significantly higher than the control; AC50 = alternative complement system; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; C3 = complement factor 3; CAT = catalase; CLD6 = claudin 6; CORT = cortisol; COXIV = cytochrome C oxidase IV; CSF-1 = colony stimulator factor 1 receptor; FAA = free amino acids; FBW = final body weight; FCE = feed conversion efficiency; FCR = feed conversion ratio; GLU = glucose; GPx = glutathione peroxidase; GR = glutathione reductase; GSH = total glutathione; GST = glutathione S-transferase; IgA = immunoglobulin A; IgM = immunoglobulin M; IL = inclusion level; IL-8 = interleukin 8; IL-10 = interleukin 10; LACT = lactate; LIP = lipase; LPO = lipid peroxidation; LYZ = lysozyme; Met = methionine; OSM = osmolality; PER = protein efficiency ratio; PI = proximal intestine; PRDX3 = thioredoxin dependent peroxide reductase; PRX = peroxidase; RGR = relative growth rate; SAR = sarcosine; SGR = specific growth rate; SOD = superoxide dismutase; SR = survival rate; TNFα = tumor necrosis factor alpha; TP = total protein; UCP1= thermogenin; WG = weight gain. Abbreviations in lowercase and italic are gene relative expression.