Table 4.
Summary of alternative protein and their impacts on fish performance, feed utilization indicators, and oxidative stress biomarkers.
| Protein Ingredient | Animal Model & Size | Inclusion Level (%) | Trial Duration | Biological Effects | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Performance and Feed Utilization | Antioxidant Status | |||||
| Canola meal, processed | Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 4 g |
12, 25, 37, 50 | 5 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR in IL37 and 50 ↔ FBW, SGR in IL12 and 25; FCR, FI in all |
↑ sod, cat, gpx ↔ SOD, CAT, GPX, LPO in all |
[214] |
| Cottonseed meal | Ussuri catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis) 2 g |
7, 13, 20, 27, 33, 40 | 8 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR, FE, PER in IL27, 33 and 40; FI in IL33 and 40 ↑ VSI in IL20, 33 and 40 ↔ FBW, SGR, FE, PER in IL7, 13 and 20; FI in IL7, 13, 20 and 27; VSI in IL7, 13 and 27; HSI, K, SR in all |
↓ GPX in IL40; TAC in IL33 and 40 ↑ LPO in IL33 and 40 ↔ GPX in IL7, 13, 20, 27, and 33; TAC in IL7, 13, 20, and 27; LPO in IL7, 13, 20, and 27; SOD, CAT in all |
[207] |
| Rapeseed meal, fermented | Red seabream (Pagrus major) 4 g |
14, 28, 42, 56 | 9 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR, FI in IL56 ↔ FBW, SGR, FI in IL14, 28 and 42 ↔ FCE, PER, HSI, VSI, SR in all |
↓ CAT, ROS in IL56; TAC in IL42 and 56 ↔ TAC in IL14 and 28; CAT in IL14, 28 and 42 |
[206] |
| Rapeseed meal, fermented | Red seabream (Pagrus major) 6 g |
12, 23, 34, 46 | 8 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR, FCE, PER, SR in IL34 and 46 ↑ FBW, SGR in IL12; VSI in IL23, 34 and 46 ↔ FBW, SGR in IL23; FCE, PER, SR in IL12 and 23; K in IL12, 23 and 34; VSI in IL12; FI, HSI in all |
↓ TAC in IL23, 34 and 46; ROS in IL23; CAT in IL34 and 46 ↑ TAC in IL12 ↔ ROS in IL12, 34 and 46; CAT in IL12 and 23 |
[215] |
| Rubber seed meal | Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus) 5 g |
10, 20, 30, 40 | 8 weeks | ↓ FBW in IL40 ↑ FCR in IL40 ↔ FBW, FCR in IL10, 20, and 30; FI, SR in all |
↑ GR in IL40; CAT in IL30 and 40 ↓ TAC in IL30 and 40 ↔ SOD, GPX, LPO; TAC, CAT in IL10 and 20; GR in IL10, 20 and 30 |
[208] |
| Soybean meal | Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 16 g |
20, 39, 58 | 24 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR in IL39 and 58 ↑ FCR in IL39 and 58 ↔ FBW, SGR, FCR in IL20 |
↑ CAT, SOD, GR, GST in IL58; GPX in all ↔ CAT, SOD, GR, GST in IL20 and 39 |
[203] |
| Soybean meal |
Carassius auratus gibelio♀ × Cyprinus carpio♂ 13 g |
13, 26, 40, 54, 68 | 9 weeks | ↓ FBW in IL40, 54 and 68; SGR in IL26, 40, 54 and 68 ↑ FCR in IL54 and 68 ↔ FBW in IL13 and 26; SGR in IL13; FCR in IL13, 26 and 40; SR in all |
↓ SOD, CAT in IL68 ↔ SOD, CAT in IL13, 26, 40, and 54 |
[216] |
| Soybean meal, dehulled | Red seabream (Pagrus major) 7 g |
31, 39, 48, 56 | 8 weeks | ↑ FBW, SGR in IL31 and 39 ↔ FBW, SGR in IL48 and 56; PER, HSI, VSI, SR in all |
↔ TAC, ROS in all | [205] |
| Soy protein concentrate | Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) 13 g |
14, 28, 42, 56, 70 | 10 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR, FI, SR in IL56 and 70; FE, PER, K in IL70 ↔ FBW, SGR, FI, SR in IL14, 28 and 42; FE, PER, K in IL14, 28, 42, and 56; VSI, HSI in all |
↓ SOD, GPX in IL56 and 70 ↑ LPO in IL42, 56 and 70 ↔ SOD, CAT, GPX in IL14, 28 and 42 |
[201] |
| Soy protein concentrate | Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) 10 g |
11, 22, 34, 45 | 8 weeks | ↔ SGR, FCR, FI, SR in all | ↔ SOD, CAT, GPX, LPO in all | [204] |
| Soy protein concentrate, supplemented with methionine and phosphate | Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 27 g |
20, 38, 58 | 12 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR, FE in IL58 ↔ FBW, SGR, FE in IL20 and 38; FI in all |
↑ GST in IL38 and 58; SOD in IL38; GR in IL58 ↔ GST in IL20; SOD in IL20 and 58; GR in IL20 and 38; CAT, GPX in all |
[202] |
| Distiller’s grains with solubles | Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) 5 g |
10, 19 | 9 weeks | ↓ HSI, K in IL19 ↑ FBW, SGR in IL19; FE in all ↔ FBW, SGR, HSI, K in IL10; VSI, SR in all |
↓ SOD, GSH in all ↔ TAC, LPO in all |
[210] |
| Mixture of plant protein sources (corn gluten, wheat gluten, extruded peas, rapeseed meal and sweet white lupin) |
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) 17 g |
33, 52, 65 | 24 weeks | ↓ SGR in IL52 and 65; FBW, FI in all ↑ FE in IL33 and 52 ↔ SGR in IL33; FE in IL65; HSI in all |
↑ GSH/GSSH, GR, γGT in IL65 ↔ GSH, GR, γGT in IL33 and 52 |
[209] |
| Mixture of plant protein sources (soybean and sunflower meals) |
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) 51 g |
50, 55, 59, 60 | 4 weeks | Not determined | ↓ TAC in IL59 and 60; SOD, CAT in IL60; GSH in IL55 and 59 ↔ TAC in IL50 and 55; SOD, CAT in IL50, 55, 59; GSH in IL50 and 60 |
[217] |
| Mixture of plant and animals’ protein sources [fermented soybean meal and scallop by-product blend (3:2)] |
Red seabream (Pagrus major) 3 g |
11, 23, 34, 46 | 6 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR, FI, FE, K in IL34 and 46; PER in IL46 ↔ FBW, SGR, FI, FE, K in IL11 and 23; PER in IL11, 23 and 34; HSI, SR in all |
↓ TAC in all ↔ ROS in all |
[205] |
| Mussel meal | Ussuri catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis) 5 g |
9, 18, 36 | 8 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR, and FI in IL36 ↑ VSI in IL9; PER in IL18 and 36 ↔ FBW, SGR, FI in IL9 and 18; FE, PER in IL9; FCR, VSI in IL18 and 36; HSI, K, SR in all |
↓ SOD in IL9, 18 and 36; CAT in IL9; TAC in IL18 and 36 ↑ LPO in IL9, 18 and 36 ↔ TAC in IL9; CAT in IL18 and 36 |
[211,218] |
| Meat and bone meal | Ussuri catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis) 5 g |
8 | 8 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR, FE, PER, K ↑ VSI ↔ FI, HSI, SR |
↓ TAC, SOD, CAT ↔ LPO |
[211] |
| Poultry by-product meal | Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 4 g |
70 | 6 weeks | ↓ FBW, SGR, FI ↑ FCR |
↓ GPX ↑ LPO |
[55] |
| Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal, defatted | Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) 35 gi |
3, 5, 8, 11 | 8 weeks | ↔ FBW, SGR, FI, FCR, PER, HSI, VSI, K in all | ↔ CAT in IL3, 5 and 8; SOD, LPO in all | [219] |
| Cricket meal (Gryllus bimaculatus) | African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) 13 g |
26, 35 | 7 weeks | ↓ HSI in all ↑ SGR, FI in all ↔ FCR, PER, SR in all |
↑ CAT in IL35 ↔ CAT in IL26; SOD, GST in all |
[220] |
| Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 116 g |
25, 50 | 13 weeks | Not determined | ↓ LPO in all ↑ G6PD in IL50; SOD, CAT, GR, GPX in all ↔ G6PD in IL25 |
[212] |
| Chlorella vulgaris | African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) 42 g |
13, 19 | 12 weeks | ↓ FCR in all ↑ SGR, K in IL19, FBW, PER, HSI in all ↔ SGR, K in IL13; FI in all |
↑ SOD, CAT in all ↔ GST in all |
[213] |
|
Arthrospira platensis(formerly known as Spirulina) |
African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) 42 g |
13, 19 | 12 weeks | ↓ FCR in all ↑ FBW, PER, HSI in all ↔ SGR, FI, K in all |
↑ SOD, CAT in all ↔ GST in all |
[213] |
↔ Without differing from control; ↓ significantly lower than the control; ↑ significantly higher than the control; CAT = catalase; FBW = final body weight; FCE = feed conversion efficiency; FCR = feed conversion ratio; FE = feed efficiency; FI = feed intake; G6PD = glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GPX = glutathione peroxidase; GR = glutathione reductase; GSH = glutathione; GSSH = glutathione disulphide; GST = glutathione-S-transferase; γGT = γ-glutamyl transferase; HSI = hepatosomatic index; IL = inclusion level; K = condition factor; LPO = lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances); PER = protein efficiency ratio; ROS = reactive oxygen species; SGR = specific growth rate; SOD = superoxide dismutase; SR = survival rate; TAC = total antioxidant capacity; VSI = viscerosomatic index. Abbreviations in lowercase and italic are gene relative expression.