Table 1.
Selected neuroimaging biomarkers of stroke recovery.
| Biomarker | Type of Imaging | Usefulness Depending on the Stroke Phase | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| MRI-DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) | assess white matter integrity | acute, subacute, chronic | [42,44,45,48] |
| Ultra-short echo time MRI angiography | visualize macro- and microvasculature | acute, subacute | [34] |
| Steady-state contrast-enhanced MRI | assess vascular reorganization | subacute, chronic | [30] |
| Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI | assess blood-brain barrier integrity | acute, subacute | [31] |
| Resting-state functional MRI | functional connectivity | subacute | [57,58] |
| Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | assess metabolic changes | subacute, chronic | [62,63] |
| EEG (electroencephalography) | assess balance between excitatory and inhibitory cortical actions | acute, subacute, chronic | [65,66,67] |
| TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) with MEP (motor evoked potential) | assess motor corticospinal excitability | subacute, chronic | [71,72] |
| TMS with EEG | assess cortical reorganization | subacute | [73] |