Figure 2.

Proteostasis perturbations may arise at any stage of the protein life cycle and typically result in the initiation of sterile inflammation. Depicted are three pathological situations causing impaired proteostasis in which translation (1), protein folding (2) and proteasome-mediated protein degradation of defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) following their polyubiquitination by E1, E2 and E3 enzymes of the ubiquitin-conjugation pathway (3) are affected.