Table 1.
Characteristics, nutritional therapy, and outcomes of patients receiving enteral nutrition.
| Baseline Characteristics and Comorbidities | ||
| Mean age (years) | 60.8 ± 15 | |
| Sex (male) | 67.4% (274) | |
| BMI (Kg·m−2) | 28.2 ± 6.3 | |
| Alcohol | 12.81% (52) | |
| Diabetes | 25.37% (103) | |
| Hypertension | 42.36% (172) | |
| COPD | 17.98% (73) | |
| AMI | 15.02% (61) | |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 5.42% (22) | |
| Chronic Renal Failure | 10.34% (42) | |
| Immunosuppression | 10.34% (42) | |
| Neoplasia | 15.27% (62) | |
| Type of patient | Medical | 71.18% (289) |
| Trauma | 15.02% (61) | |
| Surgery | 13.79% (56) | |
| APACHE II | 20 (15–25) | |
| SAPS II | 48.35 ± 17.39 | |
| SOFA (on admission) | 7.07 ± 3.2 | |
| Malnutrition (based on SGA) | 34.41% (139) | |
| mNUTRIC Score | 3.97 ± 2.15 | |
| Characteristics of nutritional support | ||
| Patients with IMN | 15.02% (61) | |
| Early enteral nutrition (<48 h) | 76.8% (310) | |
| Mean EN administration (days) | 8.5 (4–17) | |
| Mean Kcal/Kg/day * | 15.4 ± 5.2 | |
| Mean g protein/Kg/day * | 0.75 ± 0.34 | |
| EN-related complications | ↑ GRV | 11.4% (46) |
| Diarrhea | 8.6% (35) | |
| Vomiting | 1.2% (5) | |
| Aspiration | 0 | |
| Mesenteric ischemia | 0.74% (3) | |
| Outcomes | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 97.54% (396) | |
| Days on mechanical ventilation | 13.2 ± 13.8 | |
| Vasopressor support | 73.4% (298) | |
| Days on vasopressor support | 3.26 ± 3.53 | |
| RRT needs | 10.1% (41) | |
| Respiratory tract infection | 25.12% (102) | |
| Catheter-related infections | 6.4% (26) | |
| Mean ICU stay (days) | 13 (8–22) | |
| Mean hospital stay (days) | 25 (16–42) | |
| 28-day mortality | 24.9% (101) | |
EN: Enteral Nutrition; IMN: Immunonutrition Formula; BMI: Body Mass Index; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; AMI: Acute Myocardial Infarction; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System II; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SGA: Subjective Global Assessment; mNUTRIC: modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill; ↑ GRV: Elevated Gastric Residual Volume; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; RRT: Renal Replacement Therapy. * During the entire administration of EN or at least for the first 14 days.