Table 2.
Differences among patients receiving immunonutrition formulas and other types of enteral formulas.
| EN n = 345 (84.98%) |
EN-IMN n = 61 (15.02%) |
p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics and comorbidities | ||||
| Mean age (years) | 61.45 ± 15.13 | 56.7 ± 16.35 | 0.03 | |
| Sex (male) | 64.93% (224) | 81.97% (50) | 0.01 | |
| BMI (Kg·m−2) | 27.24 (24.23–31.15) | 26.24 (23.44–29.33) | 0.07 | |
| Alcohol | 13.04% (45) | 11.48% (7) | 0.89 | |
| Diabetes | 25.8% (89) | 22.95% (14) | 0.75 | |
| Hypertension | 43.77% (151) | 34.43% (21) | 0.22 | |
| COPD | 20.29% (70) | 4.92% (3) | 0.003 | |
| AMI | 14.78% (51) | 16.39% (10) | 0.89 | |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 5.51% (19) | 4.92% (3) | 0.99 | |
| Chronic Renal Failure | 10.14% (35) | 11.48% (7) | 0.93 | |
| Immunosuppression | 11.01% (38) | 6.56% (4) | 0.36 | |
| Neoplasia | 14.49% (50) | 19.67% (12) | 0.33 | |
| Type of patient |
Medical | 75.94% (262) | 44.26% (27) | <0.001 |
| Trauma | 11.59% (40) | 34.43% (21) | ||
| Surgery | 12.46% (43) | 21.31% (13) | ||
| APACHE II | 20 (15–25) | 18 (13–23) | 0.06 | |
| SAPS II | 49.01 ± 17.43 | 44.12 ± 16.7 | 0.06 | |
| SOFA (on admission) | 7.21 ± 3.24 | 6.26 ± 2.87 | 0.03 | |
| Malnutrition (based on SGA) | 35.76% (123) | 26.67% (16) | 0.22 | |
| mNUTRIC Score | 4.08 ± 2.16 | 3.35 ± 2.05 | 0.02 | |
| Characteristics of nutritional support | ||||
| Early enteral nutrition (<48 h) | 73.9% (255) | 90.1% (55) | 0.15 | |
| Mean of EN administration (days) | 8 (4–17) | 9 (4–18) | 0.557 | |
| Mean Kcal/Kg/day * | 14.4 ± 5.69 | 16.24 ± 5.31 | 0.01 | |
| Mean g protein/Kg/day * | 0.74 ± 0.34 | 0.9 ± 0.31 | <0.001 | |
| EN-related complications |
↑ GRV | 11.30% (39) | 11.47% (7) | 0.89 |
| Diarrhea | 7.83% (27) | 13.11% (8) | 0.21 | |
| Vomiting | 1.16% (4) | 0.2% (1) | 0.56 | |
| Aspiration | 0 | 0 | NA | |
| Mesenteric ischemia |
0.87% (3) | 0% (0) | 0.99 | |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 97.68% (337) | 96.72% (59) | 0.65 | |
| Days on mechanical ventilation |
13.39 ± 13.88 | 12.38 ± 13.96 | 0.73 | |
| Vasopressor support | 75.65% (261) | 60.66% (37) | 0.02 | |
| Days on vasopressor support | 3.27 ± 3.48 | 3.21 ± 3.85 | 0.45 | |
| RRT needs | 11.59% (40) | 1.64% (1) | 0.03 | |
| Respiratory tract infection | 26.09% (90) | 19.67% (12) | 0.36 | |
| Catheter-related infections | 6.67% (23) | 4.92% (3) | 0.78 | |
| Mean ICU stay (days) | 14 (9–23) | 14 (8–21) | 0.69 | |
| Mean hospital stay (days) | 25 (16–41.5) | 27.5 (16–47.5) | 0.29 | |
| 28-day mortality | 26.67% (92) | 14.75% (9) | 0.07 | |
EN: Enteral Nutrition; IMN: Immunonutrition Formula; BMI: Body Mass Index; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; AMI: Acute Myocardial Infarction; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease Classification System II; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SGA: Subjective Global Assessment; mNUTRIC: modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill; ↑ GRV: Elevated Gastric Residual Volume; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; RRT: Renal Replacement Therapy, NA: Not applicable. p-Values that are statistically significant are written in bold. * During the entire administration of EN or at least for the first 14 days.