Table 5.
Differences among patients receiving immunonutrition formulas and other types of enteral formulas in trauma and surgical (A) and medical (B) patients.
| A |
EN
n = 83 (70.94%) |
EN-IMN
n = 34 (29.06%) |
p -Value | |
| Baseline characteristics and comorbidities | ||||
| Mean age (years) | 59.59 ± 18.2 | 53.09 ± 17.53 | 0.061 | |
| Sex (male) | 72.29% (60) | 94.12% (32) | 0.012 | |
| BMI (Kg·m−2) | 27.29 (25.21–30.55) | 25.91 (23.44–27.78) | 0.036 | |
| Alcohol | 10.84% (9) | 8.82% (3) | 0.95 | |
| Diabetes | 19.28% (16) | 20.59% (7) | 0.99 | |
| Hypertension | 43.37% (36) | 20.59% (7) | 0.035 | |
| COPD | 13.25% (11) | 0 | 0.032 | |
| AMI | 10.84% (9) | 20.59% (7) | 0.27 | |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 0 | 2.94% (1) | 0.29 | |
| Chronic Renal Failure | 9.64% (8) | 11.76% (4) | 0.89 | |
| Immunosuppression | 1.2% (1) | 5.88% (2) | 0.20 | |
| Neoplasia | 13.25% (11) | 17.65% (6) | 0.57 | |
| APACHE II | 18 (13–23.5) | 17.5 (12–22.75) | 0.83 | |
| SAPS II | 45.85 ± 16.51 | 43 ± 19.15 | 0.29 | |
| SOFA (on admission) | 7.25 ± 3.08 | 6.35 ± 2.88 | 0.13 | |
| Malnutrition (based on SGA) | 22.89% (19) | 18.18% (6) | 0.80 | |
| mNUTRIC Score | 3.55 ± 2.26 | 3.12 ± 2.19 | 0.37 | |
| Characteristics of nutritional support | ||||
| Early enteral nutrition (<48 h) | 78.3% (65) | 91% (31) | 0.26 | |
| Mean of EN administration (days) | 8 (3.5–17.5) | 9.5 (4–17.75) | 0.38 | |
| Mean Kcal/Kg/day * | 13.12 ± 5.74 | 17.09 ± 4.06 | <0.001 | |
| Mean g protein/Kg/day * | 0.66 ± 0.33 | 0.97 ± 0.26 | <0.001 | |
| EN-related complications | ↑ GRV | 9.64% (8) | 11.7% (4) | 0.45 |
| Diarrhea | 7.23% (6) | 17.65% (6) | 0.10 | |
| Vomiting | 1.2% (1) | 0 | 0.99 | |
| Aspiration | 0 | 0 | NA | |
| Mesenteric ischemia | 0 | 0 | NA | |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 100% (83) | 100% (34) | NA | |
| Days on mechanical ventilation | 13.35 ± 11.56 | 10.79 ± 6.45 | 0.63 | |
| Vasopressor support | 77.1% (64) | 67.6% (23) | 0.16 | |
| Days on vasopressor support | 4.79 ± 4.18 | 3.04 ± 3.29 | 0.23 | |
| RRT needs | 9.6% (8) | 2.9% (1) | 0.28 | |
| Respiratory tract infection | 22.9% (19) | 17.6% (6) | 0.62 | |
| Catheter-related infections | 7.2% (6) | 2.9% (1) | 0.67 | |
| Mean ICU stay (days) | 14 (8–22.5) | 14.5 (8–21) | 0.70 | |
| Mean hospital stay (days) | 26 (16.5–38) | 32 (21.75–45.25) | 0.21 | |
| 28-day mortality | 19.28% (16) | 2.94% (1) | 0.022 | |
| B |
EN
n = 262 (90.66%) |
EN-IMN
n = 27 (9.34%) |
p -Value | |
| Baseline characteristics and comorbidities | ||||
| Mean age (years) | 62.04 ± 14.01 | 61.26 ± 13.73 | 0.68 | |
| Sex (male) | 62.6% (164) | 66.67% (18) | 0.83 | |
| BMI (Kg·m−2) | 27.2 (24.22–31.55) | 26.35 (23.96–31.03) | 0.69 | |
| Alcohol | 13.74% (36) | 14.81% (4) | 0.77 | |
| Diabetes | 27.86% (73) | 25.93% (7) | 0.97 | |
| Hypertension | 43.89% (115) | 51.85% (14) | 0.54 | |
| COPD | 22.52% (59) | 11.11% (3) | 0.22 | |
| AMI | 16.03% (42) | 11.11% (3) | 0.78 | |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 7.25% (19) | 7.41% (2) | 0.98 | |
| Chronic Renal Failure | 10.31% (27) | 11.11% (3) | 0.08 | |
| Immunosuppression | 14.12% (37) | 7.41% (2) | 0.55 | |
| Neoplasia | 14.89% (39) | 22.22% (6) | 0.39 | |
| APACHE II | 21 (16–26) | 19 (14–23.5) | 0.22 | |
| SAPS II | 50.02 ± 17.63 | 45.38 ± 13.73 | 0.34 | |
| SOFA (on admission) | 7.19 ± 3.29 | 6.15 ± 2.92 | 0.09 | |
| Malnutrition (based on SGA) | 39.85% (104) | 37.04% (10) | 0.93 | |
| mNUTRIC Score | 4.25 ± 2.1 | 3.63 ± 1.86 | 0.12 | |
| Characteristics of nutritional support | ||||
| Early enteral nutrition (<48 h) | 72.5% (190) | 88.80% (24) | 0.28 | |
| Mean of EN administration (days) | 8 (4–17.75) | 9 (3.5–17.5) | 0.90 | |
| Mean Kcal/Kg/day * | 13.81 ± 4.62 | 15.16 ± 6.48 | 0.52 | |
| Mean g protein/Kg/day * | 0.71 ± 0.32 | 0.83 ± 0.39 | 0.10 | |
| EN-related complications | ↑ GRV | 11.83% (31) | 11.11% (3) | 0.87 |
| Diarrhea | 8.02% (21) | 7.41% (2) | 0.98 | |
| Vomiting | 1.15% (3) | 3.7% (1) | 0.32 | |
| Aspiration | 0 | 0 | NA | |
| Mesenteric ischemia | 1.15% (3) | 0 | 0.99 | |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 96.95% (254) | 92.59% (25) | 0.23 | |
| Days on mechanical ventilation | 13.4 ± 14.58 | 14.62 ± 20.36 | 0.76 | |
| Vasopressor support | 75.2% (197) | 51.8% (14) | 0.018 | |
| Days on vasopressor support | 3.35 ± 3.54 | 2.48 ± 3.32 | 0.11 | |
| RRT needs | 12.2% (32) | 0 | 0.04 | |
| Respiratory tract infection | 27.1% (71) | 22.22% (6) | 0.65 | |
| Catheter-related infections | 6.49% (17) | 7.41% (2) | 0.69 | |
| Mean ICU stay (days) | 13 (9–23) | 13 (9–19.5) | 0.86 | |
| Mean hospital stay (days) | 25 (15–42) | 22.5 (12.75–53.5) | 0.93 | |
| 28-day mortality | 29.01% (76) | 29.6% (8) | 0.98 | |
EN: Enteral Nutrition Formula; IMN: Immunonutrition Formula; BMI: Body Mass Index; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; AMI: Acute Myocardial Infarction; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease Classification System II; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SGA: Subjective Global Assessment; mNUTRIC: modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill; ↑ GRV: Elevated Gastric Residual Volume; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; RRT: Renal Replacement Therapy; NA: Not applicable. p-Values that are statistically significant are written in bold. * During the entire administration of EN or at least for the first 14 days.