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. 2022 May 13;20:208. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03412-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — EVs promoted PDLSCs osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation with no significant intergroup proliferative difference. A ALP activity of PDLSCs induced by different concentrations of EV for 7 days. B CCK-8 revealed the impact on cell proliferation from DPSC-EV and iDPSC-EV. C The relative mRNA levels of ALP, OSX, and DSPP after induced by EV at different time points. D The western blot bands showed EV-mediated expression of ALP, OSX, and DSPP. E The histogram showed the relative quantitative analysis of western blot. F Result of quantification of ARS. G Result of ALP staining. H Result of ARS staining. n = 3, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. Scale bar, 100 μm