Table 2.
Measures of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, resilience, wellbeing, life satisfaction, burnout, and optimism across occupations.
| Validated Scales | Total Cohort n (%) |
Paramedics n (%) | Nurses n (%) | Allied Health n (%) |
Doctors n (%) |
Others n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 984 (100%) | 126 (12.8%) | 319 (32.4%) | 174 (17.7%) | 123 (12.5%) | 242 (24.6%) |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)—Depression | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.0 (5.4) | 7.3 (5.5) | 6.9 (5.8) | 5.0 (4.8) | 4.3 (4.1) | 6.0 (5.4) |
| ≥10 (Moderate-Severe) | 221 (22.5%) | 40 (31.7%) | 81 (25.4%) | 27 (15.5%) | 15 (12.2%) | 58 (24.0%) |
| <10 (Minimal-Mild) | 763 (77.5%) | 86 (68.3%) | 238 (74.6%) | 147 (84.5%) | 108 (87.8%) | 184 (76.0%) |
| PHQ item 9 (thoughts of being better off dead or self-harm) | ||||||
| Several days or more frequently | 87 (8.8%) | 12 (9.5%) | 39 (12.2%) | 10 (5.7%) | 7 (5.7%) | 19 (7.9%) |
| Not at all | 897 (91.2%) | 114 (90.5%) | 280 (87.8%) | 164 (94.3%) | 116 (94.38%) | 223 (92.1%) |
| Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7)—Anxiety | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.6 (4.7) | 5.1 (4.6) | 5.1 (4.9) | 3.9 (4.5) | 3.2 (3.7) | 4.8 (4.8) |
| ≥10 (Moderate-Severe) | 138 (14.0%) | 21 (16.7%) | 54 (16.9%) | 15 (8.6%) | 10 (8.1%) | 38 (15.7%) |
| <10 (Minimal-Mild) | 846 (86.0%) | 105 (83.3%) | 265 (83.1%) | 159 (91.4%) | 113 (91.9%) | 204 (84.3%) |
| GAD-7 item 6 (becoming easily annoyed or irritable) | ||||||
| Several days or more frequently | 599 (60.9%) | 86 (68.3%) | 210 (65.82%) | 89(51.1%) | 71 (57.7%) | 143 (59.1%) |
| Not at all | 385 (39.1%) | 40 (31.7%) | 109 (34.2%) | 85 (48.9%) | 52 (42.3%) | 99 (40.9%) |
| Impact of Event Scale-6 (IES-6)—Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) * | 0.9 (0.8) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.9) | 0.8 (0.7) | 0.7 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.9) |
| >9 (Moderate-Severe) # | 201 (20.4%) | 32 (25.4%) | 80 (25.1%) | 21 (12.1%) | 12 (9.8%) | 56 (23.1%) |
| ≤9 (None/Minimal) # | 783 (79.6%) | 94 (74.6%) | 239 (74.9%) | 153 (87.9%) | 111 (90.2%) | 186 (76.9%) |
| Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 2-item (CD-RISC-2)—Resilience | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.3 (1.4) | 6.3 (1.4) | 6.2 (1.3) | 6.3 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.4) | 6.3 (1.3) |
| Personal wellbeing index-Adult (PWI-A)—Wellbeing | ||||||
| PWI-A (Well-being)—Mean (SD) | 69.7 (17.3) | 67.5 (17.3) | 67.6 (18.4) | 72.8 (14.6) | 76.2 (13.9) | 68.3 (17.9) |
| PWI Item 1 (Life Satisfaction)—Mean (SD) | 68.9 (18.9) | 66.8 (19.0) | 66.5 (20.4) | 71.3 (15.8) | 75.1 (14.9) | 68.1 (19.9) |
| Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory (aMBI)—Burnout | ||||||
| Emotional Exhaustion (n = 941) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.7 (4.7) | 9.5 (4.9) | 9.6 (4.7) | 8.4 (4.5) | 7.7 (4.2) | 7.8 (5.0) |
| ≥7 (Moderate-Severe burnout) | 613 (65.1%) | 85 (68.5%) | 223 (71.7%) | 109 (64.5%) | 74 (60.7%) | 122 (56.7%) |
| <7 (No-Low burnout) | 328 (34.9%) | 39 (31.5%) | 88 (28.3%) | 60 (35.5%) | 48 (39.3%) | 93 (43.3%) |
| Depersonalization (n = 803) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.0 (3.9) | 5.9 (4.8) | 2.9 (3.7) | 2.2 (3.0) | 2.5 (3.2) | 2.1 (3.6) |
| ≥4 (Moderate-Severe burnout) | 252 (31.4%) | 71 (60.7%) | 95 (32.1%) | 36 (22.9%) | 29 (24.4%) | 21 (18.4%) |
| <4 (No-Low burnout) | 551 (68.6%) | 46 (39.3%) | 201 (67.9%) | 121 (77.1%) | 90 (75.6%) | 93 (81.6%) |
| Personal Accomplishment (n = 772) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 14.3 (2.9) | 13.2 (3.3) | 14.4 (2.9) | 14.7 (2.6) | 14.6 (2.8) | 14.3 (3.0) |
| ≤14 (Moderate-Severe burnout) | 348 (45.1%) | 74 (61.2%) | 133 (45.9%) | 55 (36.9%) | 45 (38.1%) | 41 (43.6%) |
| >14 (No-Low burnout) | 424 (54.9%) | 47 (38.8%) | 157 (54.1%) | 94 (63.1%) | 73 (61.9%) | 53 (56.4%) |
| Optimism | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.0 (1.9) | 6.9 (2.0) | 6.9 (1.9) | 7.2 (1.6) | 7.3 (1.9) | 7.1 (1.9) |
| <8 Low-moderate optimism) | 655 (66.6%) | 86 (68.3%) | 225 (70.5%) | 114 (65.5%) | 68 (55.3%) | 162 (66.9%) |
| ≥8 High optimism | 329 (33.4%) | 40 (31.7%) | 94 (29.5%) | 60 (34.5%) | 55 (44.7%) | 80 (33.1%) |
* Mean across all six IES items; # sum of responses to each IES item.