Table 3.
Comparison * of continuous and binary outcomes for measures of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, resilience, wellbeing, life satisfaction, burnout, and optimism across occupations.
| Validated Scales | Nurses vs. Paramedics Mean Difference (95% CI) |
Allied Health vs. Paramedics Mean Difference (95% CI) | Doctors vs. Paramedics Mean Difference (95% CI) | Others vs. Paramedics Mean Difference (95% CI) | p-Value | Nurses vs. Paramedics Mean Difference (95% CI) | Allied Health vs. Paramedics Mean Difference (95% CI) | Doctors vs. Paramedics Mean Difference (95% CI) | Others vs. Paramedics Mean Difference (95% CI) | p-Value ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparison of Continuous Outcomes | Comparison of Binary Outcomes | |||||||||
| PHQ-9—Depression | 0.5 (−0.7, 1.7) | −1.3 (−2.6, 0.0) | −1.8 (−3.3, −0.4) | −0.3 (−1.5, 0.9) | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.81, 1.65) | 0.71 (0.45, 1.12) | 0.57 (0.33, 1.00) | 1.05 (0.73, 1.51) | 0.024 |
| GAD-7—Anxiety | 0.8 (−0.3, 1.8) | −0.4 (−1.5, 0.7) | −0.8 (−2.1, 0.4) | 0.6 (−0.5, 1.6) | 0.006 | 1.40 (0.85, 2.30) | 0.72 (0.37, 1.39) | 0.76 (0.36, 1.60) | 1.30 (0.78, 2.18) | 0.070 |
| IES-6 Post-traumatic stress | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.1) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.0) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.3) | 0.004 | 1.15 (0.78, 1.70) | 0.55 (0.33, 0.93) | 0.47 (0.25, 0.88) | 1.08 (0.72, 1.61) | 0.001 |
| CD-RISC-2—Resilience | −0.1 (−0.8, 0.5) | −0.0 (−0.7, 0.6) | 0.1 (−0.6, 0.8) | −0.0 (−0.7, 0.6) | 0.65 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| PWI-A—Wellbeing | ||||||||||
| PWI-A (Well-being) | −2.1 (−7.4, 3.3) | 2.6 (−2.9, 8.2) | 6.9 (1.3, 12.6) | −0.9 (−6.2, 4.3) | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| PWI Item 1 (Life Satisfaction) | −1.7 (−9.2, 5.9) | 2.7 (−4.9, 10.3) | 7.4 (−0.3, 15.1) | 0.1 (−7.2, 7.4) | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| aMBI—Burnout | ||||||||||
| Emotional Exhaustion | 0.6 (−1.2, 2.3) | −0.7 (−2.3, 0.9) | −1.2 (−2.8, 0.5) | −1.1 (−2.6, 0.5) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.06) | 0.002 |
| Depersonalization | −2.3 (−3.5, −1.1) | −3.2 (−4.4, −1.9) | −3.1 (−4.3, −1.8) | −3.1 (−4.3, −1.9) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.31, 1.04) | 0.39 (0.22, 0.69) | 0.43 (0.24, 0.77) | 0.34 (0.19, 0.60) | 0.003 a |
| Personal Accomplishment | 0.9 (−0.3, 2.0) | 1.4 (0.3, 2.5) | 1.3 (0.2, 2.4) | 0.8 (−0.2, 1.9) | 0.017 | 0.86 (0.52, 1.42) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.10) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.09) | 0.81 (0.52, 1.26) | 0.15 b |
| Optimism | −2.5 (−9.2, 4.3) | 1.2 (−5.5, 8.0) | 4.0 (−2.7, 10.8) | 0.6 (−5.9, 7.1) | 0.029 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.22) | 0.83 (0.65, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) | 0.16 a |
* The models used to estimate differences between means or relative risks are adjusted for SES decile, age, an indicator of date of participation (pre/post fourth lockdown), and gender (female vs. not female) unless otherwise indicated. Relative risks correspond to the risk of having the poorer psychological outcome category (i.e., the categories listed first in Table 2). ** p-values correspond to the test of the global null hypothesis of no difference between occupations. a Adjusted for age. b Adjusted for age, gender, and date of participation.