Table 3.

Examples of the activity of probiotics confirmed in scientific research.

Disease	Probiotic Strains/Duration of Treatment	Effects of Activity	References
Rheumatoid arthritis	L. acidophilus 2 × 109 CFU/g L. casei 2 × 109 CFU/g B. bifidum 2 × 109 CFU/g 8 weeks	improvement of the DAS-28 (Disease Activity Score) reduction in insulin level	[54]
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)	L. acidophilus DDS-1, 1 × 1010 CFU/day B. animalis subsp. lactis UABla-12, 1 × 1010 CFU/day 6 weeks	reduction in abdominal pain severity mitigation of IBS symptoms	[55]
	L. casei Zhang, 3 × 109 CFU/g B. animalis subsp. lactis V9, 4 × 109 CFU/g L. plantarum P-8, 3 × 109 CFU/g 28 days	reduction in the severity of IBS symptoms, reduction in the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) reduction in the number of bacteria: Bacteroides, Escherichia, Citrobacter	[56]
Ulcerative colitis	L. rhamnosus NCIMB 30174 L.plantarum NCIMB 30173 L. acidophilus NCIMB 30175 E. faecium NCIMB 30176 1 × 1010 CFU/dose; 4 weeks	reduction in intestinal inflammation	[57]
Infant colic	B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12® (BB-12), 1 × 109 CFU/day 21 days	reduction in the duration of colic in the group receiving probiotic in comparison to the group receiving placebo	[58]
Biochemical, oxidative and inflammatory markers	L. casei LTL 1879 1.41 ± 0.12 × 1011 CFU/g 3 weeks	an increase in the level of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) level an increase in the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) lowering the expression of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Bacteroides genes an increase in the expression of Clostridium leptum, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genes	[59]
Chronic diarrhea	L. plantarum CCFM1143 3.52 × 109 CFU/day 30 days	reduction in the frequency of defecation significant increase in acetic and propionic acid content change in the diversity of the gut microbiome-reduction in the quantity of Bacteroides bacteria	[60]
Antibiotic associated diarrhea	L. casei DN 114001 1 × 1010 CFU/dose 3 months	reduction in the incidence of diarrhoea reduction in the duration of diarrhoea	[61]
	L. reuteri ATCC 55730 1 × 108 CFU/dose 2 × a day/28 days	reduction in the incidence of diarrhoea	[62]
Gastrointestinal symptoms	L. johnsonii IDCC 9203 L. plantarum IDCC 3501 B. lactis IDCC 4301 1.0 × 1010 CFU/capsule 8 weeks	mitigation of general symptoms (abdominal pain and flatulence) a significant increase in the level of Lactobacillus johnsonii and Bifidobacterium lactis in faeces	[63]
Atopic dermatitis	L. plantarum IS-10506 1010 CFU/day 12 weeks	lower SCORAD (Scoring Atopic Dermatitis) values in children lower levels of IL-4, IFN-γ and IL-17 IgE level did not change significantly	[64]
	L. plantarum CJLP133 0.5 × 1010 CFU/dose 2 × a day/12 weeks	lower SCORAD values in the group of children aged from 12 months to 13 years lower number of eosinophils, reduction in IFN-γ and IL-4 level	[65]
	L. plantarum IS-10506 2 × 1010 CFU/day 8 weeks	lower SCORAD score in adults lower levels of IL-4, IFN-γ and IL-17 higher levels of IFN-γ and Foxp3+	[66]