Table 1.
Description of study samples and urinary incontinence type
| Author, year and country | Study design | Sample | UI type | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n Assigned PFMT | Age M ± SD, (age range) | Condition | n, Comparators | Urge | Stress | Mixed | ||
| Mechanism 1. Enhanced PFM strength | ||||||||
| Bø (2003), Norway | Secondary analysis of RCT | 52 | 45.5, (24–64) | X | ||||
| Burns et al. (1993), USA | RCT | 83 | 63.0 ± 6.0, 63.0 ± 5.0, (≥ 50) | 40 controls | X | X | ||
| Dinc et al. (2009), Turkey | RCT | 35 | 26.05 ± 4.8, 27.7 ± 7.2 | 20th-34th week of pregnancy | 33 controls | X | X | |
| Dougherty et al. (1993), USA | Pre and post-intervention study | 65 | 51.3 ± 10.6, (35–75) | Mid-age and elderly Parous | X | |||
| Hahn et al. (1993), Sweden | Case-controlled study | 170 | 51.3 ± 0.98, (27–84) | 27 awaiting surgery | X | |||
| Hung et al. (2012), Taiwan | Prospective cohort study | 68 | 50.5 ± 6.0 | X | X | |||
| Kim et al. (2007), Japan | RCT, crossover follow up trial | 70 (35 in each group) | 76.6 ± 5.0, 76.6 ± 3.8 | Elderly | X | |||
| Nystrom et al. (2018), Sweden | Pre and post-intervention study | 61 | 44.7 ± 9.7, (27–72) | X | ||||
| Segal et al. (2016), USA | Prospective cohort study | 215 | 54.4 ± 12.7 | Mid-age and elderly parous | X | |||
| Sun et al. (2018), China | Prospective cohort study | 133 | 33.63 ± 3.98, 42.66 ± 11.35 | Postpartum | X | |||
| Theofrastous et al. (2002), USA | RCT | 69 | 60.6 ± 10.0, (45–79) | 68, bladder training | X | X | ||
| Mechanism 2. Maximized awareness of timing | ||||||||
| Cammu et al. (2000)a, Belgium | 10-Year follow-up | 45 | 61.0 ± 10.0 | X | ||||
| Junginger et al. (2014), Germany | Prospective cohort study | 55 | Not reported | X | X | X | ||
Blank cells = information was not appliable or not available. Articles retained from search results (n = 13 including 11 for enhanced PFM strength mechanism and 2 for maximized awareness of timing mechanism). This table focuses on tabulation in readiness of integration of information for critical analysis of the general quality of studies on PFMT to treat UI, while also testing for theorized mechanism/s of effect
UI, urinary incontinence; PFMT, pelvic floor muscle training; PFM, pelvic floor muscle; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; RCT, randomized controlled trial
aA 10-year PFMT follow up article was also found in the main PFMT strengthening theory literature search, but it was not included in the analysis of results for the main PFMT strengthening theory since it did not report PFM strength and had no statistical analysis of correlation between changes in PFM strength and incontinence