Table 1.
Overview of silk fibroin-based tissue engineering application.
| Silk Source | Material | Morphology | Cell Types | Biocompatibility Study | Target Tissue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bombyx mori silk fibroin [24] | SF | Porous and three-dimensional (3D) silk scaffold | Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) | In vitro and in vivo | Bone |
| Bombyx mori silk fibroin [25] | Graphene/SF | 3D porous Graphene/SF Scaffolds |
Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) |
In vitro | Bone |
| Bombyx mori silk fibroin [26] | Polycaprolactone/SF | 3D polycaprolactone nanofiber scaffold | Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) |
In vitro and in vivo | Bone |
| Bombyx mori silk fibroin [27] | SF/ceramic (calcium sulphate (CaSO4), beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), beta tricalcium phosphate with hydroxyapatite (β-TCP-HA), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) | RSF scaffolds | hBMSCs | In vitro | Bone |
| Bombyx mori silk fibroin [28] | Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)/SF | Electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)/silk fibroin film |
Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) | In vitro | Bone |
| Bombyx mori silk fibroin [29] | Poly (d,l-lactic acid) (PDLLA)/SF | Films | Osteoblasts | In vitro | Cartilage |
| Bombyx mori silk fibroin [30] | SF-glycidyl methacrylate (Silk-GMA) |
Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing Silk-GMA hydrogel | NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells | In vitro and in vivo | Cartilage |
| Bombyx mori silk fibroin [31] | SF | Sponge | Chondrocyte | In vitro and in vivo | Cartilage |
| Bombyx mori silk cocoons [32] | SF/Methacrylated silk fibroin sealant (Sil-MA) | Bilayer silk scaffold and Sil-MA hydrogel | BMSCs | In vitro and in vivo | Osteochondral |
|
Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons [33] |
SF | Porous SF scaffold | Pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) | In vitro and in vivo | Tooth |
|
Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons [34] |
Poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL)/SF/heparin (Hep) | PLCL/SF/Hep nanofiber membrane | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | In vitro and in vivo | Vascular |
|
Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons [35] |
SF | Silk tube | Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells, HUVECs |
In vitro and in vivo | Vascular |
|
Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons [36] |
SF | Silk fibroin nets | HUVECs | In vitro | Vascular |