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. 2022 Apr 21;23(9):4599. doi: 10.3390/ijms23094599

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Neural circuits of NREM sleep regulation. The nuclei involved in the regulation of NREM sleep include the OLT, CPu, NAc, GPe, BF, POA, TRN, LH, STN, ZI, SNr, RMTg, vlPAG, PT, PZ, and NST. The PT has an excitatory projection to the vlPAG, and the CPu inhibits the STN neurons by suppressing the GPe. The STN has an excitatory projection to the SNr. BF: basal forebrain; CPu: caudate putamen; GPe: external globus pallidus; LH: lateral hypothalamus; NAc: nucleus accumbens; NST: nucleus of solitary tract; OLT: olfactory tubercles; POA: preoptic area; PT: pontine tegmentum; PZ: parafacial zone; RMTg: rostromedial tegmental nucleus; SNr: subtantia nigra pars reticulata; STN: subthalamic nucleus; TRN: thalamic reticular nucleus; vlPAG: ventrolateral periaqueductal gray; ZI: zona incerta.