Table 4.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of subjects without diabetes, with prediabetes, and with type 2 diabetes in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) (n = 1342).
| No Diabetes (n = 614) | Prediabetes (n = 301) | Type 2 Diabetes (n = 427) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54 ± 9 a,b | 57 ± 8 | 57 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| Sex, men (%) | 52 d | 41 f | 54 | 0.0015 |
| Race | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white (%) | 41 | 39 | 34 | 0.096 |
| Hispanic (%) | 33 | 34 | 32 | 0.79 |
| African American (%) | 26 e | 27 | 34 | 0.015 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± 4.9 a,b | 30.3 ± 6.2 | 31.3 ± 5.6 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 96 ± 10 d,b | 105 ± 11 c | 175 ± 59 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 13.8 ± 9.5 a,b | 19.7 ± 21.4 c | 23.3 ± 16.5 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting FFA (mmol/L) | 0.43 ± 0.17 a,b | 0.55 ± 0.19 f | 0.59 ± 0.23 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 208 ± 44 d | 216 ± 39 | 212 ± 43 | 0.033 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 125 ± 83 d,b | 159 ± 96 f | 189 ± 165 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 47.2 ± 15.4 b | 45.0 ± 14.5 c | 40.0 ± 11.5 | <0.0001 |
| GlycA (µmol/L) | 350 ± 64 a,b | 379 ± 76 | 381 ± 70 | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.3 ± 2.4 a,b | 5.1 ± 5.9 c | 9.9 ± 7.9 | <0.0001 |
| LP-IR score (0–100) | 41 ± 21 a,b | 49 ± 20 c | 56 ± 19 | <0.0001 |
| Ionized magnesium (µM) | 644 ± 119 d,b | 612 ±123 c | 572 ± 135 | <0.0001 |
Data are in mean ± SD for continuous or % for dichotomous variables. Between-group differences were determined by ANOVA with the Bonferroni method being applied to correct for multiple comparisons; p-value was calculated by ANOVA. a p < 0.0001 compared non-diabetic and pre-diabetic subjects; b p < 0.0001 compared diabetic and pre-diabetic subjects; c p < 0.0001 compared non-diabetic and diabetic subjects; d p < 0.05 compared non-diabetic and pre-diabetic subjects; e p < 0.05 compared non-diabetic and diabetic subjects; f p < 0.05 compared diabetic and pre-diabetic subjects; Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FFA, free fatty acids; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LP-IR, Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Index. Triglycerides and insulin values were log transformed.