Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis (IE) according to the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM).
| No DM (3965) | DM (1625) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 67 (54–77) | 72 (64–78) | <0.001 |
| Male Gender (%) | 2679 (67.5) | 1085 (66.7) | 0.564 |
| Nosocomial IE (%) | 1041 (26.3) | 535 (32.9) | <0.001 |
| Health care-associated IE (%) | 306 (7.7) | 158 (9.7) | 0.014 |
| Vegetation present (%) | 2893 (73.0) | 1150 (70.8) | 0.096 |
| New heart murmur (%) | 1349 (34.0) | 477 (29.3) | 0.001 |
| Location (%) | |||
| Aortic | 2060 (52.0) | 830 (51.1) | 0.551 |
| Mitral | 1688 (42.6) | 670 (41.2) | 0.356 |
| Tricuspid | 215 (5.4) | 79 (4.9) | 0.394 |
| Pulmonary | 71 (1.8) | 8 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| PM/ICD | 349 (8.8) | 213 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Others | 113 (2.8) | 37 (2.3) | 0.229 |
| Multiple | 570 (14.4) | 227 (14.0) | 0.693 |
| Unknown | 66 (1.7) | 24 (1.5) | 0.613 |
| Native IE | 2459 (62.0) | 941 (57.9) | 0.004 |
| Prosthetic IE | 1213 (30.6) | 528 (32.5) | 0.164 |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||
| Respiratory disease | 668 (16.8) | 379 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 877 (22.1) | 625 (38.4) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 1179 (29.7) | 691 (42.5) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 286 (7.2) | 315 (19.3) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 441 (11.1) | 277 (17.0) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 642 (16.1) | 254 (15.6) | 0.604 |
| Renal disease | 844 (21.3) | 586 (36.1) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 370 (9.4) | 163 (10.1) | 0.443 |
| Congenital heart disease | 303 (7.6) | 38 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Native heart valve disease | 1794 (45.2) | 773 (47.5) | 0.113 |
| Age-adjusted Charlson score, median (IQR) | 4 (2–6) | 6 (5–8) | <0.001 |
IQR = Interquartile range; PM = Pacemaker; ICD = Implantable cardioverter defibrillator.