Table 1.
Pharmacological effects of Zingiber plants.
| Pharmacological Effects | Details | Extracts/Compounds | Inhibitory Concentrations/Dose | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammatory activity | Inhibition of the direct binding between intercellular adhesion molecules and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 of the THP-1 cells | 10-gingerol | IC50: 57.6 μM | [32] |
| 8-shogaol | IC50: 65.4 μM | |||
| Inhibitory effect on direct binding between sVCAM-1 and VLA-4 of THP-1 cells | 6-shogaol | IC50: 27.1 μM | ||
| Dehydro-6-gingerdione | IC50: 62.0 μM | |||
| Inhibition of the produc-tion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from LPS stim-ulated macrophages | 6-gingerol | 50 mg/kg | [33] | |
| Decreased ETBF-induced colitis via inhibition of NF-κB signaling | Zerumbone | MIC: 32–48 μg/mL | [34] | |
| Anti-cancer activity | Cytotoxic effect on MRC-5 (human fetal lung fibroblasts cell linse) |
Z. zerumbet fresh rhizome essential oil | IC50: 216.99 ± 8.27 μM for 24 h | [22] |
| Z. zerumbet dry rhizome essential oil | IC50: 159.47 ± 9.34 μM for 24 h | |||
| Zerumbone | IC50: 117.96 ± 5.67 μM for 24 h | |||
| Cytotoxic effect on PC-3 (human prostate cancer cell lines) |
Z. zerumbet fresh rhizome essential oil | IC50: 53.32 ± 1.34 μM for 24 h | ||
| Z. zerumbet dry rhizome essential oil | IC50: 77.45 ± 0.46 μM for 24 h | |||
| Zerumbone | IC50: 30.78 ± 1.31 μM for 24 h | |||
| Z. striolatum essential oil | IC50: 86.05 μM | [35] | ||
| 6-shogaol | IC50: 100.0 ± 13.1 μM | [36] | ||
| 6-dehydrogingerdione | IC50: 106.4 ± 12.5 μM | |||
| 10-gingerol | IC50: 59.7 ± 8.2 μM | |||
| 3,5-dioxo-1,7-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)-phenyl-heptane | IC50: 153.5 ± 13.8 μM | |||
| Gingerenone A | IC50: 114.3 ± 14.2 μM | |||
| 3,5-diacetoxy-1-(3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 86.6 ± 7.5 μM | |||
| Curcumin | IC50: 16.5 ± 2.7 μM | |||
| Cytotoxic effect on K562 (human leukemia cell lines) |
Z. zerumbet fresh rhizome essential oil | IC50: 35.73 ± 1.72 μM for 24 h | [22] | |
| Z. zerumbet dry rhizome essential oil | IC50: 41.79 ± 1.18 μM for 24 h | |||
| Zerumbone | IC50: 10.08 ± 0.61 μM | |||
| Z. striolatum essential oil | IC50: 29.67 μM | [35] | ||
| 6-gingerol | IC50: 22.86 μM | [37] | ||
| Gingerenone A | IC50: 33.3 ± 5.1 μM | |||
| 3,5-diacetoxy-1-(3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 39.6 ± 4.8 μM | |||
| 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(3,4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 160.3 ± 14.1 μM | |||
| Citrylidenmalonsaeure | IC50: 119.8 ± 9.9 μM | |||
| Curcumin | IC50: 30.5 ± 5.3 μM | |||
| Cytotoxic effect on A-549 (human lung cancer cell lines) |
Z. zerumbet fresh rhizome essential oil | IC50: 44.88 ± 1.21 μM for 24 h | [27] | |
| Z. zerumbet dry rhizome essential oil | IC50: 68.06 ± 1.09 μM for 24 h | |||
| Zerumbone | IC50: 25 μM | [38] | ||
| Z. striolatum essential oil | IC50: 48.87 μM | [35] | ||
| 6-shogaol | IC50: 22.9 ± 2.1 μM | [36] | ||
| 6-dehydrogingerdione | IC50: 81.2 ± 9.6 μM | |||
| 10-gingerol | IC50: 85.4 ± 10.2 μM | |||
| 3,5-dioxo-1,7-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)-phenyl-heptane | IC50: 248 ± 17.9 μM | |||
| Gingerenone A | IC50: 44.5 ± 5.8 μM | |||
| 3,5-diacetoxy-1-(3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 96.3 ± 7.8 μM | |||
| 7-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptan-3-one | IC50: 83.6 ± 8.4 μM | |||
| 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(3,4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 230.8 ± 17.9 μM | |||
| 5-[4-hydroxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methoxybenzene-1,2-diol | IC50: 212.0 ± 15.2 μM | |||
| Curcumin | IC50: 58.8 ± 9.4 μM | |||
| Cytotoxic effect on H-460 (human lung cancer cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 15 μM | [38] | |
| Cytotoxic effect on BEL7404 (human lung cancer cell lines) |
6-shogaol | IC50: 11.8 ± 2.6 μM | [36] | |
| 6-dehydrogingerdione | IC50: 115.2 ± 13.7 μM | |||
| 10-gingerol | IC50: 95.2 ± 12.2 μM | |||
| 3,5-dioxo-1,7-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)-phenyl-heptane | IC50: 49.4 ± 3.4 μM | |||
| Gingerenone A | IC50: 9.0 ± 2.3 μM | |||
| 3,5-diacetoxy-1-(3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 101.9 ± 13.1 μM | |||
| 7-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptan-3-one | IC50: 180.6 ± 16.5 μM | |||
| 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(3,4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 180.6 ± 12.5 μM | |||
| Curcumin | IC50: 38.2 ± 3.9 μM | |||
| Cytotoxic effect on CNE (human nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines) |
6-shogaol | IC50: 43.8 ± 5.0 μM | ||
| 6-dehydrogingerdione | IC50: 119.7 ± 7.9 μM | |||
| 10-gingerol | IC50: 88.1 ± 7.3 μM | |||
| 3,5-dioxo-1,7-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)-phenyl-heptane | IC50: 76.7 ± 5.4 μM | |||
| Gingerenone A | IC50: 27.7 ± 3.9 μM | |||
| 3,5-diacetoxy-1-(3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 62.0 ± 10.7 μM | |||
| 7-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptan-3-one | IC50: 75.4 ± 6.6 μM | |||
| 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(3,4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 174.2 ± 15.1 μM | |||
| 5-[4-hydroxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methoxybenzene-1,2-diol | IC50: 247.9 ± 20.1 μM | |||
| Curcumin | IC50: 33.5 ± 10.1 μM | |||
| Cytotoxic effect on Hep-2 (human laryngeal carcinoma cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 15 μM | [39] | |
| Anti-proliferative effect on HepG2 (human liver cancer cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 3.45 ± 0.026 μg/ml | [40] | |
| Cytotoxic effect on 16 human oral squamous cell carcinoma lines | Zerumbone | IC50: average 2 µM; range: 0.8–4.9 µM | ||
| Cytotoxic effect on DU145 (human prostate cancer cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 24 μM | [41] | |
| Cytotoxic effect on HCT116 (human colorectal cancer cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 30 ± 1.5 μM | [42] | |
| Cytotoxic effect on SW620 (human colorectal cancer cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: > 46 μM | ||
| Cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 23.0 μg/ml | [43] | |
| Cytotoxic effect on MDA-MB 231 (human breast cancer cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 24.3 μg/ml | ||
| Cytotoxic effect on Hela (human cervical cancer cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 6.4 μg/mL | ||
| 6-gingerol | IC50: 126.89 μM | [44] | ||
| 6-dehydrogingerdione | IC50: 62.5 ± 4.7 μM | [45] | ||
| Zingerone | IC50: 114.6 ± 9.3 μM | |||
| 10-gingerol | IC50: 52.4 ± 7.1 μM | |||
| 3,5-dioxo-1,7-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)-phenyl-heptane | IC50: 86.8 ± 10.5 μM | |||
| Gingerenone A | IC50: 15.4 ± 3.2 μM | |||
| 3,5-diacetoxy-1-(3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 110.0 ± 9.8 μM | |||
| 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane-3,5-diol | IC50: 191.0 ± 16.5 μM | |||
| 7-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptan-3-one | IC50: 133.2 ± 16.1 μM | |||
| 5-[4-hydroxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methoxybenzene-1,2-diol | IC50: 231.8 ± 13.7 μM | |||
| Curcumin | IC50: 18.9 ± 2.8 μM | |||
| Inhibitory effect on epstein-barr virus (human herpesvirus 4) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 0.14 μM | [46] | |
| Cytotoxic effect on KB (human oral epithelial cancer cell lines) |
6-shogaol | IC50: 7.4 ± 2.2 μM | [37] | |
| 6-dehydrogingerdione | IC50: 229.5 ± 17.5 μM | |||
| 10-gingerol | IC50: 89.5 ± 8.7 μM | |||
| 3,5-dioxo-1,7-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)-phenyl-heptane | IC50: 27.7 ± 2.7 μM | |||
| Gingerenone A | IC50: 8.8 ± 2.6 μM | |||
| Curcumin | IC50: 34.7 ± 6.7 μM | |||
| 3,5-diacetoxy-1-(3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC50: 75.1 ± 10.5 μM | |||
| 7-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptan-3-one | IC50: 90.3 ± 10.1 μM | |||
| 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(3,4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) heptane | IC5: 78.5 ± 11.3 μM | |||
| Curcumin | IC50: 34.7 ± 6.7 μM | |||
| Cytotoxic effect on HT29 (human colorectal cancer cell lines) |
Zerumbone | IC50: 38.8 ± 1.2 μM | [45] |
IC50: the half maximal inhibitory concentration.