Table 6.

Summary of studies suggesting amelioration of side-effects of chemotherapy by gliptins.

Observed Effect	Gliptin	Anticancer Drug	Proposed Mechanism	Notes, Reference
Reduced myelotoxicity	Sitagliptin	5-fluorouracil	Decreased cleavage of GM-CSF, G-CSF, and IL3, leading to increases in recovery of hematopoietic progenitor cells and bone marrow cellularity.	Similar effects observed in CD26−/− mice [164]
Nephroprotection	Teneligliptin	Cisplatin	Possible anti-inflammatory effects and inhibition of CXCL12 breakdown.	[165]
	Alogliptin	Cyclophosphamide	Reduced oxidative stress and inflammation.	[166]
	Sitagliptin, Linagliptin	Doxorubicin	Decreased expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated genes.	[167]
	Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin	Doxorubicin	Decreased inflammation.	[168]
Decreased mucositis	Vildagliptin	5-fluorouracil	Possibly preserved bioactivity of GLP-1 and 2.	[175]
Neuroprotection	Alogliptin	Oxaliplatin	Unknown.	Effect seen in oxaliplatin-induced, but not bortezomib- or paclitaxel-induced neuropathy [172]
Reduced cardiotoxicity	Sitagliptin	Doxorubicin	Reduced oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in cardiac tissue.	[170]
	Linagliptin	Doxorubicin	Decreased oxidative stress.	[171]
Hepatoprotection	Sitagliptin	Methotrexate	Reduced oxidative stress and inflammation.	[173]
Reduced reproductive toxicity	Linagliptin	Cisplatin	Increased bioactivity of CXCL12.	[174]